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| author | Sergey Poznyakoff <gray@gnu.org> | 2021-04-25 18:28:49 +0300 |
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| committer | Sergey Poznyakoff <gray@gnu.org> | 2021-04-25 18:28:49 +0300 |
| commit | bebc7c932d06d61b2b5abb9647267bb3884bc2b3 (patch) | |
| tree | 1299ca9cede170037541915bed13bb15bbe6f404 | |
| parent | 92cf55b3e71dc84a92df011e4577cccb529ec02e (diff) | |
| download | gcide-bebc7c932d06d61b2b5abb9647267bb3884bc2b3.tar.gz gcide-bebc7c932d06d61b2b5abb9647267bb3884bc2b3.tar.bz2 | |
Fix dead http links (use the https://archive.org)
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@@ -9459,7 +9459,7 @@ November 3-5, 1997<br/ Vol. 15, No. 5<br/ <br/ Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely practiced in the United States. While there have been many studies of its potential usefulness, many of these studies provide equivocal results because of design, sample size, and other factors. The issue is further complicated by inherent difficulties in the use of appropriate controls, such as placebos and sham acupuncture groups. However, promising results have emerged, for example, showing efficacy of acupuncture in adult post-operative and chemotherapy nausea and vomiting and in post-operative dental pain. There are other situations such as addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofacial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma where acupuncture may be useful as an adjunct treatment or an acceptable alternative or be included in a comprehensive management program. Further research is likely to uncover additional areas where acupuncture interventions will be useful.</q><br/ -<qau>taken from: http://odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/cons/107/107_intro.htm</qau><br/ +<qau>taken from: https://web.archive.org/web/20011126211520/http://odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/cons/107/107_intro.htm</qau><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Acupuncture</ent><br/ @@ -43613,7 +43613,7 @@ That made him reel.</q> <rj><qau>Spenser.</qau></rj><br/ <mhw><hw>buffalofish</hw>, <hw>buffalo fish</hw></mhw> <pos>n.</pos> <fld>(Zool.)</fld> <sn>1.</sn> <def>any of several large carplike North American fish.</def><br/ [<source>WordNet 1.5</source>]</p> -<p><sn>2.</sn> <fld>(Zool.)</fld> <def>Any of several large fresh-water fishes of the family <fam>Catostomid<ae/</fam> (also called <membof>suckers</membof> see <a href="http://www.state.ia.us/dnr/organiza/fwb/fish/iafish/sucker/sucker.htm">Sucker family</a>), of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (<spn>Ictiobus bubalus</spn>), the <stype>big-mouthed buffalofish</stype> (<spn>Ictiobus cyrinellus</spn>, formerly called <spn>Bubalichthys urus</spn>), the <stype>black buffalofish</stype> (<spn>Ictiobus niger</spn>), and the <stype>small-mouthed buffalofish</stype> (<spn>Ictiobus bubalus</spn>, formerly called <spn>Bubalichthys altus</spn>), are among the more important species used as food.</def><br/ +<p><sn>2.</sn> <fld>(Zool.)</fld> <def>Any of several large fresh-water fishes of the family <fam>Catostomid<ae/</fam> (also called <membof>suckers</membof> see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030224205241/http://www.state.ia.us:80/dnr/organiza/fwb/fish/iafish/sucker/suckerf.htm">Sucker family</a>), of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (<spn>Ictiobus bubalus</spn>), the <stype>big-mouthed buffalofish</stype> (<spn>Ictiobus cyrinellus</spn>, formerly called <spn>Bubalichthys urus</spn>), the <stype>black buffalofish</stype> (<spn>Ictiobus niger</spn>), and the <stype>small-mouthed buffalofish</stype> (<spn>Ictiobus bubalus</spn>, formerly called <spn>Bubalichthys altus</spn>), are among the more important species used as food.</def><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>buffalo nickel</ent><br/ @@ -7465,7 +7465,7 @@ Expect with mortal pain.</q> <rj><qau>Milton.</qau></rj><br/ <hw>Cap"si*cum</hw> <pr>(k<acr/p"s<icr/*k<ucr/m)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[NL., fr. L. <ets>capsa</ets> box, chest.]</ety> <fld>(Bot.)</fld> <def>A genus of plants of many species, producing capsules or dry berries of various forms, which have an exceedingly pungent, biting taste, and when ground form the red or Cayenne pepper of commerce.</def><br/ [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> -<p><note><hand/ The most important species are <spn>Capsicum baccatum</spn> or bird pepper, <spn>Capsicum fastigiatum</spn> or chili pepper, <spn>Capsicum frutescens</spn> or spur pepper (from which tabasco is obtained), <spn>Capsicum chinense</spn>, which includes the fiery-hot habanero pepper, and <spn>Capsicum annuum</spn> or Guinea pepper, which includes the bell pepper, the jalapeno pepper, the cayenne pepper, and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. These contain varying levels of the substance <prod>capsaicin</prod> (<chform>C18H27O3N</chform>), which gives the peppers their hot taste. The habanero is about 25-50 times hotter than the jalapeno according to a scale developed by <person>Wilbur Scoville</person> in 1912. See also <er>Cayenne pepper</er>, <er>pepper</er> and http://www.chili-pepper-plants.com/.</note><br/ +<p><note><hand/ The most important species are <spn>Capsicum baccatum</spn> or bird pepper, <spn>Capsicum fastigiatum</spn> or chili pepper, <spn>Capsicum frutescens</spn> or spur pepper (from which tabasco is obtained), <spn>Capsicum chinense</spn>, which includes the fiery-hot habanero pepper, and <spn>Capsicum annuum</spn> or Guinea pepper, which includes the bell pepper, the jalapeno pepper, the cayenne pepper, and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. These contain varying levels of the substance <prod>capsaicin</prod> (<chform>C18H27O3N</chform>), which gives the peppers their hot taste. The habanero is about 25-50 times hotter than the jalapeno according to a scale developed by <person>Wilbur Scoville</person> in 1912. See also <er>Cayenne pepper</er>, <er>pepper</er> and https://web.archive.org/web/20090312013237/http://www.chili-pepper-plants.com/.</note><br/ [<source>1913 Webster</source> + <source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><sn>3.</sn> <def>Any plant of the genus <gen>Capsicum</gen> (of the <fam>Solanaceae</fam> family, which are unrelated to <gen>Piper</gen>), and its fruit; red pepper; chili pepper; <as>as, the <stype>bell <ex>pepper</ex></stype> and the <stype>jalapeno <ex>pepper</ex></stype> (both <spn>Capsicum annuum</spn>) and the <stype>habanero <ex>pepper</ex></stype> (<spn>Capsicum chinense</spn>); </as>.</def><br/ @@ -50722,7 +50722,7 @@ Wait, I've heard of this before...<br/ You may have. However, there are many methods other methods similar to this one (though in my opinion, inferior), so don't be so sure. In order to be fair, here are a couple of those other methods:<br/ * Majority preference voting (MPV) -- related to PV. Like PV, the voter simply ranks candidates in an order of preference (e. 1. Perot 2. Clinton 3. Bush). The candidate with the least number of first place votes is eliminated, and their votes are "transferred" to their 2nd choice until a candidate has a majority. It is frequently advocated and is better than our current system, but still has some nasty properties (like possibly knocking compromise candidates out of the running early). MPV is actually in use in Australia, among other places. Also known as Hare's Method.<br/ * Approval -- Voters are allowed to vote for all candidates they approve. For example, Bush-Yes Perot-No Clinton-Yes. The candidate with the highest number of "yes" votes wins. For a more complete explanation, see <a href="http://bcn.boulder.co.us/government/approvalvote/center.html">.<br/ -<au>Rob Lanphier (from http://www.eskimo.com/~robla/politics/condorcet.html).</au><br/ +<au>Rob Lanphier (from https://web.archive.org/web/20050722235546/http://www.eskimo.com/~robla/politics/condorcet.html).</au><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Condottiere</ent><br/ @@ -74003,7 +74003,7 @@ Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride.</q> <rj><qau>Shak.</qau></rj><br/ <syn><b>Syn. --</b> K/T boundary.</syn><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> -<p><note><hand/According to a theory gaining acceptance (as of 1997), these deposits were formed as the debris of a large comet or meteorite impact on the earth, which threw up a large quantity of dust into the atmosphere, causing profound though temporary climatic change, and caused or hastened the extinction of numerous species, including the dinosaurs. This hypothesis was first postulated by Luis and Walter Alvarez on the basis of an excess of iridium found in the boundary layer, and was later supported by additional evidence of various types. The impact is believed to have occurred at the edge of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, forming what is termed the <a href="http://dsaing.uqac.uquebec.ca/~mhiggins/MIAC/chicxulub.htm">Chicxulub crater</a>, which is partly under the Gulf of Mexico, is not evident from surface topography, and was detected primarily by gravity anomaly readings and subsurface geological characteristics.</note><br/ +<p><note><hand/According to a theory gaining acceptance (as of 1997), these deposits were formed as the debris of a large comet or meteorite impact on the earth, which threw up a large quantity of dust into the atmosphere, causing profound though temporary climatic change, and caused or hastened the extinction of numerous species, including the dinosaurs. This hypothesis was first postulated by Luis and Walter Alvarez on the basis of an excess of iridium found in the boundary layer, and was later supported by additional evidence of various types. The impact is believed to have occurred at the edge of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, forming what is termed the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031211150222/http://dsaing.uqac.uquebec.ca/~mhiggins/MIAC/chicxulub.htm">Chicxulub crater</a>, which is partly under the Gulf of Mexico, is not evident from surface topography, and was detected primarily by gravity anomaly readings and subsurface geological characteristics.</note><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Cretan</ent><br/ @@ -15482,7 +15482,7 @@ As plain as <qex>fizzling</qex>.</q> <rj><qau>B. Jonson.</qau></rj><br/ <p><q>He [Shipwreck Kelly] was the great <ex>flagpole sitter</ex> of the thirties, the founding father of the whole discipline, who provided inspiration for many and even the pseudonym for one -- Van Nolan, who also called himself Shipwreck. Any serious polesitter believes himself an avatar of Shipwreck Kelly, and I was then and am now no exception.</q> <rj><qau>From: John A. Gould, Aerie (Berkshire Review, Volume XI, Number 1, Spring, 1975).</qau></rj></p> -<p><q>The two other holy men in Gregory's narrative had more exotic origins than the pair that has just been seen. Gregory encountered one of them when on a journey to the north-eastern parts of the Frankish kingdom. This was a Lombard, named Vulfolaic, who had spent some years in the arduous exercise of being a stylite, the Christian equivalent of a <ex>flagpole sitter</ex>; in other words, Vulfolaic was a monk whose main austerity consisted in living on top of a pillar. By carrying out this feat in the rain, snow, and frost of the Moselle valley, Vulfolaic had convinced the local population to overthrow and abandon the idol of Diana to which they were addicted.</q> <rj><qau>Walter Goffart, FOREIGNERS IN THE HISTORIES OF GREGORY OF TOURS (http://www.arts.uwo.ca/florilegium/goffart.html).</qau></rj></p> +<p><q>The two other holy men in Gregory's narrative had more exotic origins than the pair that has just been seen. Gregory encountered one of them when on a journey to the north-eastern parts of the Frankish kingdom. This was a Lombard, named Vulfolaic, who had spent some years in the arduous exercise of being a stylite, the Christian equivalent of a <ex>flagpole sitter</ex>; in other words, Vulfolaic was a monk whose main austerity consisted in living on top of a pillar. By carrying out this feat in the rain, snow, and frost of the Moselle valley, Vulfolaic had convinced the local population to overthrow and abandon the idol of Diana to which they were addicted.</q> <rj><qau>Walter Goffart, FOREIGNERS IN THE HISTORIES OF GREGORY OF TOURS (https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/flor/article/download/15346/20501).</qau></rj></p> <p><ent>Flagrance</ent><br/ <hw>Fla"grance</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>Flagrancy.</def> <rj><au>Bp. Hall.</au></rj><br/ @@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ They most must laugh.</q> <rj><qau>Shak.</qau></rj><br/ <p><sn>2.</sn> <def>Any absurd medley; a hotchpotch.</def><br/ [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> -<p><q>So in this installment I'd like to serve up a <qex>gallimaufry</qex> of tasty URLs that didn't quite fit anywhere else.</q> <rj><qau>James Patrick Kelly, (2003) in 'On the Net Gallimaufry' (http://www.asimovs.com/_issue_0403/onthenet.shtml)</qau></rj><br/ +<p><q>So in this installment I'd like to serve up a <qex>gallimaufry</qex> of tasty URLs that didn't quite fit anywhere else.</q> <rj><qau>James Patrick Kelly, (2003) in 'On the Net Gallimaufry' (https://web.archive.org/web/20060131120420/http://www.asimovs.com/_issue_0403/onthenet.shtml)</qau></rj><br/ [<source>LM</source>]</p> <p><ent>Gallin</ent><br/ @@ -11804,7 +11804,7 @@ position accurate within 10 meters 95% of the time.</def><br/ [<source>RH</source>]</p> <p><q>On June 26, 1993 . . . the <org>U.S. Air Force</org> launched the 24th Navstar satellite into orbit, completing a network of 24 satellites known as the Global Positioning System, or GPS. With a GPS receiver that costs less than a few hundred dollars you can instantly learn your location on the planet -- your latitude, longitude, and even altitude -- to within a few hundred feet.<br/ - This incredible new technology was made possible by a combination of scientific and engineering advances, particularly development of the world's most accurate timepieces: atomic clocks that are precise to within a billionth of a second.</q> <qau>http://www4.nationalacademies.org/beyond/beyonddiscovery.nsf/web/gps?OpenDocument</qau><br/ + This incredible new technology was made possible by a combination of scientific and engineering advances, particularly development of the world's most accurate timepieces: atomic clocks that are precise to within a billionth of a second.</q> <qau>https://web.archive.org/web/20011125121826/http://www4.nationalacademies.org/beyond/beyonddiscovery.nsf/web/gps?OpenDocument</qau><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Globard</ent><br/ @@ -20689,7 +20689,7 @@ Call forth the <qex>greens</qex>, and wake the rising flowers.</q> <rj><qau>Pope <hw>Gren`a*dier"</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[F. grenadier. See <er>Grenade</er>.]</ety> <sn>1.</sn> <fld>(Mil.)</fld> <def>Originaly, a soldier who carried and threw grenades; afterward, one of a company attached to each regiment or battalion, taking post on the right of the line, and wearing a peculiar uniform. In modern times, a member of a special regiment or corps; <as>as, a <ex>grenadier</ex> of the guard of Napoleon I.</as> one of the regiment of <ex>Grenadier</ex> Guards of the British army, etc.</def><br/ [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> -<p><note><hand/ The feats of grenadiers have been memorialized in song, as in the following: (for the melody see http://www.acronet.net/~robokopp/english.html) <br/ +<p><note><hand/ The feats of grenadiers have been memorialized in song, as in the following: (for the melody see https://web.archive.org/web/20040202232801/http://www.acronet.net/~robokopp/english.html) <br/ <br/ <TITLE>Some talk of Alexander, and some of Hercules / The British Grenadiers</TITLE> <I>ca. 18th Century</I> @@ -1903,7 +1903,7 @@ Assist, <qex>if</qex> <OE/dipus deserve thy care.</q> <rj><qau>Pope.</qau></rj>< I have never seen this Will o'the Wisp; nor am I likely to do so. It is a flickering flame seen over marshes; marshes are not now common in London, nor indeed anywhere else in Britain. In any case the ephemeral nature of the phenomenon and the enormous amount of ambient light <ldquo/pollution<rdquo/ found in most areas means that most of us will never see it.<br/ What is this Will o'the Wisp? Popular chemical lore has it that it is marsh gas, or methane, which catches fire when it hits the air because of the presence of either phosphine (<chform>PH3</chform>) or diphosphine (<chform>P2H4</chform>) in the gas, both of which are spontaneously flammable in air. Methane is certainly formed in marshes, and bubbles up if the mud is disturbed in a pond, say. It is the same reaction that enables organic materials to produce biogas, methane from the decomposition of sewage, which can be profitably used. But is it this that is burning in Will o'the Wisp?<br/ Almost certainly not. At this point I will say that I have thought for some years off and on as to how one might set up an experiment to test the hypotheses, since the sporadic and rare nature of the natural version renders its investigation a highly intractable problem. However: the combustion of methane under the conditions in a marsh would give a yellow flame, and heat.<br/ - Will o'the Wisp is not like this, so it is said. Firstly the flame is bluish, not yellow, and it is said to be a cold flame. The colour and the temperature suggests some sort of phosphorescence; since organic material contain phosphorus, the production of phosphine or diphosphine is scarcely impossible, and maybe it does oxidise via a mainly chemiluminescent reaction. The exact nature of the Will o'the Wisp reaction nevertheless remains, to me at any rate, a mystery. Similar phenomena have been reported in graveyards and are known as corpse candles. If anyone knows anything more, I would love to hear of it. A warning that if you look for it on the Web, you will get a great deal of bizarre stuff. You will also get the delightful picture from a Canadian artist which decorates the top of this page (http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/willo.htm), and a couple of poems at least. One is also by a Canadian, <person>Annie Campbell Huestis</person>, the other by the prolific fantasy poet <person>Walter de la Mare</person>.<br/ + Will o'the Wisp is not like this, so it is said. Firstly the flame is bluish, not yellow, and it is said to be a cold flame. The colour and the temperature suggests some sort of phosphorescence; since organic material contain phosphorus, the production of phosphine or diphosphine is scarcely impossible, and maybe it does oxidise via a mainly chemiluminescent reaction. The exact nature of the Will o'the Wisp reaction nevertheless remains, to me at any rate, a mystery. Similar phenomena have been reported in graveyards and are known as corpse candles. If anyone knows anything more, I would love to hear of it. A warning that if you look for it on the Web, you will get a great deal of bizarre stuff. You will also get the delightful picture from a Canadian artist which decorates the top of this page (https://web.archive.org/web/20120828064103/http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/willo.htm), and a couple of poems at least. One is also by a Canadian, <person>Annie Campbell Huestis</person>, the other by the prolific fantasy poet <person>Walter de la Mare</person>.<br/ The preparation of phosphine in the laboratory (by the teacher!) is fun, and perfectly safe in a fume cupboard. White phosphorus is boiled with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in an apparatus from which all air must have been removed by purging with, say, natural gas. The phosphine will form marvellous smoke rings if allowed to bubble up through water in a pneumatic trough. This is an experiment for the teacher, needless to say. The experiment is described in <person>Partington J.R.</person>, <ldquo/A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry<rdquo/, 6th ed, Macmillan 1957, p 572. (So, inter alia, is a great deal of other interesting chemistry.)</q><br/ <rj>Dr. Rod Beavon<br/</rj> <rj>17 Dean's Yard London SW1P 3PB</rj><br/ @@ -3427,22 +3427,22 @@ Rejoicing in the east</q> <rj><qau>Thomson.</qau></rj><br/ <hw> King, Martin Luther, jr. </hw> <bio> Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968): <person>Martin Luther King</person> stands alongside <person>John F. Kennedy</person> as one of the strikingly iconic images of 1960s America, one of the figures who inspired a revolution of political will and social perception. <br/ Born on 15 January 1929, to <person>Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr.</person> and <person>Alberta Christine King</person> in <city>Atlanta</city>, Georgia, <persfn>King</persfn> was a gifted student. It was while studying towards his Divinity degree in 1951, that <persfn>King</persfn> first discovered the teachings of <person>Mahatma Ghandi</person>, whose inspiration would be seen in many of <persfn>King's</persfn> future ideas. In 1953, King married <person>Coretta Scott</person>. The world that Martin Luther King and his new family found themselves in during the late 1950s was one where racial segregation was an accepted norm, whether in schools, churches, or on public transport. <br/ - When <person>Rosa Parks</person> was arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus for a white man - in <city>Montgomery</city>, Alabama, in 1955 - the black civil rights movement found an unexpected opportunity to begin a push that would eventually remove all officially sanctioned segregation throughout the United States . And <person>Dr. King</person> was at the forefront of that push. (http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html)<br/ + When <person>Rosa Parks</person> was arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus for a white man - in <city>Montgomery</city>, Alabama, in 1955 - the black civil rights movement found an unexpected opportunity to begin a push that would eventually remove all officially sanctioned segregation throughout the United States . And <person>Dr. King</person> was at the forefront of that push. (https://web.archive.org/web/20081229032957/http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html)<br/ Four days after Rosa Parks was arrested, on the first day of a boycott of the buses by black passengers, King was appointed as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. Placing himself so publicly at the forefront of the movement, he soon found himself and his family to be targets for white hate. In January of the next year, a bomb was thrown at his house. The King family would face similar threats and acts of violence all through <persfn>Martin's</persfn> lifetime. <br/ On 21 February 1956, King was one of those arrested as a consequence of the boycott. By 4 June, however, a US District Court ruled that such segregation on city bus lines was unconstitutional, a decision confirmed in November by the Supreme Court. Before the end of the year, Federal injunctions had been served, and the <city>Montgomery</city> bus system was officially unsegregated. <br/ - This was the first of King's victories. Although the success was by no means solely his, the methods of non-violent opposition utilised for this protest were to become a trademark of Dr. King. This ideology contrasted sharply with that represented by the other prominent black civil rights leader of the time, <person>Malcolm X</person>, (http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/) but many people responded strongly to King's gifts as an orator, to his message of optimism and compassion, and to his sheer presence as a human being. <br/ - Throughout his lifetime, King's activities were closely monitored by the FBI, under the control of the controversial <person>J. Edgar Hoover</person>. Evidence collected by Hoover's agents, combined with rumour and innuendo, has cast a shadow over the official view of <person>Martin Luther King</person>. <persfn>Hoover</persfn> was looking for dirt, and compiled a dossier that accused King of infidelity, beating women and of being a Communist. (http://archive.aclu.org/features/f011702a.html). <br/ - From 1957 onwards, King's reputation as a civil rights leader and powerful orator grew. He appeared on the cover of Time in February and met then-Vice <person>President Richard Nixon</person> in June. (http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/king.html). 1958 saw the publication of his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, his version of the incidents surrounding the bus boycott<br/. + This was the first of King's victories. Although the success was by no means solely his, the methods of non-violent opposition utilised for this protest were to become a trademark of Dr. King. This ideology contrasted sharply with that represented by the other prominent black civil rights leader of the time, <person>Malcolm X</person>, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X) but many people responded strongly to King's gifts as an orator, to his message of optimism and compassion, and to his sheer presence as a human being. <br/ + Throughout his lifetime, King's activities were closely monitored by the FBI, under the control of the controversial <person>J. Edgar Hoover</person>. Evidence collected by Hoover's agents, combined with rumour and innuendo, has cast a shadow over the official view of <person>Martin Luther King</person>. <persfn>Hoover</persfn> was looking for dirt, and compiled a dossier that accused King of infidelity, beating women and of being a Communist. (https://web.archive.org/web/20041019083224/http://archive.aclu.org/features/f011702a.html). <br/ + From 1957 onwards, King's reputation as a civil rights leader and powerful orator grew. He appeared on the cover of Time in February and met then-Vice <person>President Richard Nixon</person> in June. (https://web.archive.org/web/20090316061938/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/king.html). 1958 saw the publication of his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, his version of the incidents surrounding the bus boycott<br/. By 1960, Dr. King was a major voice in US political life. He met with Presidential candidate <person>John F. Kennedy</person> to discuss racial policy. In keeping with his belief in non-violent protest, King's continued civil rights demonstrations would take the form of sit-ins and obstructions, often leading to his arrest. The sight of Martin Luther King being bundled off to jail brought the causes he was helping much public sympathy and support. <br/ - August 28 1963 saw the 'March on Washington', regarded as the first major, integrated protest march in American history. (http://www.life.com/Life/mlk/mlk06.html). At the end of the march, Dr. King delivers the I Have A Dream speech at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC. (http://www.mecca.org/~crights/dream.html) Racial tension, however, was increasing; 1964 saw riots all across the country, notably in New York, New Jersey, Illinois and Pennsylvania. <br/ - King was growing as an international figure. In 1964, he visited West Berlin, invited by the then-mayor, <person>Willy Brandt</person>, had an audience with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican, then, most significantly, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in <city>Oslo</city>, Norway. (http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1964/index.html) <br/ + August 28 1963 saw the 'March on Washington', regarded as the first major, integrated protest march in American history. (https://web.archive.org/web/20040608193544/http://www.life.com/Life/mlk/mlk06.html). At the end of the march, Dr. King delivers the I Have A Dream speech at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC. (https://web.archive.org/web/20060831163009/http://www.mecca.org/~crights/dream.html) Racial tension, however, was increasing; 1964 saw riots all across the country, notably in New York, New Jersey, Illinois and Pennsylvania. <br/ + King was growing as an international figure. In 1964, he visited West Berlin, invited by the then-mayor, <person>Willy Brandt</person>, had an audience with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican, then, most significantly, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in <city>Oslo</city>, Norway. (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel-prize-lessons-theme-martin-luther-king-jr-and-the-civil-rights-movement/) <br/ The following year, <person>Malcolm X</person> was assassinated in New York. Violence was escalating in areas of racial tension, including Montgomery, Alabama. Protesters were regularly beaten by police officers, often resulting in serious injuries or even fatalities. In Watts, Los Angeles, riots left 35 people dead. In March a protest rally reached Montgomery, under the protection of federal troops. Starting at an estimated 3,000 marchers, by the time they reach their destination, it's believed they numbered nearly 30,000 people. On reaching the capitol, the marchers were addressed by Dr. King. <br/ 1966 saw King talk openly about more than racial issues. He began to discuss his opposition to the Vietnam war and issues such as housing - arguing for protection for poor people, regardless of their race. <br/ In 1967, the rioting was worsening growing to be some of the worst in American history. Fuelled by the uncertainty and anger created by the shootings of figures such as Malcolm X and John F. Kennedy, the sense of helpless rage directed at the nation's social structure and America's involvement in <country>Vietnam</country>, already strained civil relations were heading towards what seemed to be an inevitably violent conclusion.<br/ In Mississippi, one black student was killed in a riot at Jackson State College; 23 people died in riots in New Jersey; and 43 died, with another 324 injured in riots in <city>Detroit</city> riots, labelled as the worst of the century. <br/ - The last year of <person>Martin Luther King's</person> life saw him cast his net even wider, including taking part in a march in support of sanitation workers in <city>Memphis</city>, Tennessee. This part of King's career is often glossed over or undervalued by historians and commentators of the time. (http://www.fair.org/media-beat/950104.html). <br/ - On April 3, he delivered his last speech, entitled <ldquo/I See the Promised Land<rdquo/. The contents of the speech seem eerily prescient in retrospect. (http://www.mlkonline.com/promised.html). The next day, April 4 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead as he stood talking on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel, Memphis. <person>James Earl Ray</person> was charged and found guilty of his murder. <br/ - King was buried on April 9, aged 39. After his death, Dr. King's widow, <person>Coretta Scott King</person>, established The King Center as 'the official, living memorial dedicated to the advancement of the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (http://thekingcenter.com/).<br/ + The last year of <person>Martin Luther King's</person> life saw him cast his net even wider, including taking part in a march in support of sanitation workers in <city>Memphis</city>, Tennessee. This part of King's career is often glossed over or undervalued by historians and commentators of the time. (https://web.archive.org/web/20081011070216/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/950104.html/). <br/ + On April 3, he delivered his last speech, entitled <ldquo/I See the Promised Land<rdquo/. The contents of the speech seem eerily prescient in retrospect. (http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/speeches/mlk_promised_land.html). The next day, April 4 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead as he stood talking on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel, Memphis. <person>James Earl Ray</person> was charged and found guilty of his murder. <br/ + King was buried on April 9, aged 39. After his death, Dr. King's widow, <person>Coretta Scott King</person>, established The King Center as 'the official, living memorial dedicated to the advancement of the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (https://thekingcenter.org/).<br/ King's legacy is represented by Martin Luther King Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Monday in January every year. http://www.holidays.net/mlk/</bio> <au>Carl Gillingham</au><br/ [<source>CG</source>]</p> <p><ent>Kingbird</ent><br/ @@ -2824,7 +2824,7 @@ With the injuries of many.</q> <rj><qau>Massinger.</qau></rj><br/ <p><sn>2.</sn> <def>The greatest work or achievement of a particular artist, writer, or other individual.</def><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> -<p><q>Inspired by this milieu, [Max Stirner] wrote his <qex>magnum opus</qex> <it>The Ego and Its Own</it>, which was published in November 1844.</q> <rj><qau>Svein Nyberg (The Small Max Stirner Web Page, 1988 [http://www.math.uio.no/~solan/stirner/stirner.html])</qau></rj><br/ +<p><q>Inspired by this milieu, [Max Stirner] wrote his <qex>magnum opus</qex> <it>The Ego and Its Own</it>, which was published in November 1844.</q> <rj><qau>Svein Nyberg (The Small Max Stirner Web Page, 1988 [https://web.archive.org/web/19981207014247/http://www.math.uio.no/~solan/stirner/stirner.html])</qau></rj><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>magnus hitch</ent><br/ @@ -31503,7 +31503,7 @@ He <qex>modifies</qex> his first severe decree.</q> <rj><qau>Dryden.</qau></rj>< The following general rule for finding the date of commencement of any Mohammedan year has a maximum error of a day: Multiply 970,224 by the Mohammedan year, point off six decimal places, and add 621.5774. The whole number will be the year <sc>a. d.</sc>, and the decimal multiplied by 365 will give the day of the year.</note><br/ [<source>Webster 1913 Suppl.</source>]</p> -<p><note> The Mohammedan calendar is one of the most primitive. It is strictly a Lunar calendar, the year consisting of twelve lunar months, which retrograde through the seasons in about 321/2 years. To reconcile the lunar cycle to a given number of complete days, a leap year is introduced on the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 26th and 29th years of a thirty year cycle, making these years consist of 355 days instead of 354. The names of the months and the number of days are: 1, Muharram (30); 2, Saphar (29); 3, Rabia I (30); 4, Rabia II (29); 5, Jomada I (30); 6, Jomada II (29); 7, Rajah (30); 8, Shaaban (29); 9, Ramadan (30); 10, Shawaal (29); 11, Dulkasda (30); and 12, Dulheggia (29 or 30). The years are calculated from July 16, 622 A.D., the day following the Hegira, the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina after an attempted assassination. The beginning of the 46th cycle, with the first day of Muharram, in the year 1351, compares to May 7, 1932 of the Gregorian calendar; continuing: 1365 Dec. 6, 1945 1366 Nov. 25, 1946 1367 Nov. 15, 1947 1368 Nov. 3, 1948 1369 Oct. 24, 1949 1370 Oct. 13, 1950 1371 Oct. 2, 1951 1372 Sept. 21, 1952 1373 Sept. 10, 1953 1374 Aug. 30, 1954 To find the Gregorian equivalent to any Mohammedan date multiply 970,224 by the Mohammedan year, point off six decimal places and add 621.5774. The whole number will be the year A.D., and the decimal multiplied by 365 will be the day of the year. </note> <au>http://www.arsakeio.gr/universe/timeref1.htm</au><br/ +<p><note> The Mohammedan calendar is one of the most primitive. It is strictly a Lunar calendar, the year consisting of twelve lunar months, which retrograde through the seasons in about 321/2 years. To reconcile the lunar cycle to a given number of complete days, a leap year is introduced on the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 26th and 29th years of a thirty year cycle, making these years consist of 355 days instead of 354. The names of the months and the number of days are: 1, Muharram (30); 2, Saphar (29); 3, Rabia I (30); 4, Rabia II (29); 5, Jomada I (30); 6, Jomada II (29); 7, Rajah (30); 8, Shaaban (29); 9, Ramadan (30); 10, Shawaal (29); 11, Dulkasda (30); and 12, Dulheggia (29 or 30). The years are calculated from July 16, 622 A.D., the day following the Hegira, the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina after an attempted assassination. The beginning of the 46th cycle, with the first day of Muharram, in the year 1351, compares to May 7, 1932 of the Gregorian calendar; continuing: 1365 Dec. 6, 1945 1366 Nov. 25, 1946 1367 Nov. 15, 1947 1368 Nov. 3, 1948 1369 Oct. 24, 1949 1370 Oct. 13, 1950 1371 Oct. 2, 1951 1372 Sept. 21, 1952 1373 Sept. 10, 1953 1374 Aug. 30, 1954 To find the Gregorian equivalent to any Mohammedan date multiply 970,224 by the Mohammedan year, point off six decimal places and add 621.5774. The whole number will be the year A.D., and the decimal multiplied by 365 will be the day of the year. </note> <au>https://web.archive.org/web/20040112151506/http://www.arsakeio.gr/universe/timeref1.htm</au><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Mohammedan Era</ent><br/ @@ -39348,7 +39348,7 @@ Life <qex>much</qex>.</q> <rj><qau>Milton.</qau></rj><br/ <hw>muck</hw>, <pos>v. i. & t.</pos> <def>To excavate and remove muck{5}. Often used with <ptcl>out</ptcl>, <as>as, to <ex>muck</ex> out a round</as>.</def><br/ [<source>RDH</source>]</p> -<p><q> . . . <company>Inco</company> is still much more advanced than other mining companies. He says that the LKAB mine in <country>Sweden</country> is the closest rival. He predicts that, by 2008, <company>Inco</company> can reach a new productivity plateau, doubling the current mining productivity from 3,350 tonnes to 6,350 tonnes per person per year. Another aim is to triple the mine cycle rate (the time to drill, blast and <qex>muck</qex> a round) from one cycle to three complete cycles per 24 hours.</q> <qau>http://www.canadianminingjournal.com/issues/apr00/page10.asp</qau><br/ +<p><q> . . . <company>Inco</company> is still much more advanced than other mining companies. He says that the LKAB mine in <country>Sweden</country> is the closest rival. He predicts that, by 2008, <company>Inco</company> can reach a new productivity plateau, doubling the current mining productivity from 3,350 tonnes to 6,350 tonnes per person per year. Another aim is to triple the mine cycle rate (the time to drill, blast and <qex>muck</qex> a round) from one cycle to three complete cycles per 24 hours.</q> <qau>https://web.archive.org/web/20010728040054/http://www.canadianminingjournal.com/issues/apr00/page10.asp</qau><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> @@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ I can not name; 't is <qex>nameless</qex> woe,I wot.</q> <rj><qau>Shak.</qau></r [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>nanotechnology</ent><br/ -<hw>nan"o*tech*nol`o*gy</hw> <pr>(n<acr/n"<osl/*t<ecr/k*n<ocr/l`<osl/*j<emac/)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>The manipulation or construction of objects with sizes in the nanometer range or smaller.</def> <note>Objects of the size of molecules may be moved and placed in specific locations using <uses>laser tweezers</uses> or an <uses>atomic force microscope</uses>. See <a href="http://21net.com/content/inside_se/nano.htm">nanotechnology</a>.</note><br/ +<hw>nan"o*tech*nol`o*gy</hw> <pr>(n<acr/n"<osl/*t<ecr/k*n<ocr/l`<osl/*j<emac/)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>The manipulation or construction of objects with sizes in the nanometer range or smaller.</def> <note>Objects of the size of molecules may be moved and placed in specific locations using <uses>laser tweezers</uses> or an <uses>atomic force microscope</uses>. See <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001209013400/http://21net.com/content/inside_se/nano.htm">nanotechnology</a>.</note><br/ [<source>PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Nanpie</ent><br/ @@ -9144,7 +9144,7 @@ I dare accept this your congratulation.</q> <rj><qau>Coleridge.</qau></rj><br/ [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> <p><ent>Nobel prize</ent><br/ -<hw>No*bel" prize</hw> <pr>(?)</pr> <pos>n.</pos>; <plu><it>pl.</it> <plw>No*bel" prizes</plw></plu>. <def>Prizes for the encouragement of men and women who work for the interests of humanity, established by the will of <person>Alfred B. <etsep>Nobel</etsep></person> (1833-1896), the Swedish inventor of dynamite, who left his entire estate for this purpose. They are awarded yearly for what is regarded as the most important work during the year in physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, idealistic literature, and service in the interest of peace. The prizes, averaging $40,000 each, were first awarded in 1901. The monetary value of the awards have increased each year, to near one million U. S. dollars by the end of the 20th century.</def> <note>The awards are administered by the <a HREF="http://www.nobel.se/index.html">Nobel Foundation</a>, which maintains a Web Page where the lists of prize winners and other information about the Nobel Prize may be found.</note><br/ +<hw>No*bel" prize</hw> <pr>(?)</pr> <pos>n.</pos>; <plu><it>pl.</it> <plw>No*bel" prizes</plw></plu>. <def>Prizes for the encouragement of men and women who work for the interests of humanity, established by the will of <person>Alfred B. <etsep>Nobel</etsep></person> (1833-1896), the Swedish inventor of dynamite, who left his entire estate for this purpose. They are awarded yearly for what is regarded as the most important work during the year in physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, idealistic literature, and service in the interest of peace. The prizes, averaging $40,000 each, were first awarded in 1901. The monetary value of the awards have increased each year, to near one million U. S. dollars by the end of the 20th century.</def> <note>The awards are administered by the <a HREF="http://www.nobelprize.org">Nobel Foundation</a>, which maintains a Web Page where the lists of prize winners and other information about the Nobel Prize may be found.</note><br/ [<source>Webster 1913 Suppl.</source> <source>+PJC</source>]</p> <p><ent>Nobert's lines</ent><br/ @@ -5957,7 +5957,7 @@ Into the lean and slippered <qex>pantaloon</qex>.</q> <rj><qau>Shak.</qau></rj>< [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> <p><ent>Paracelsus</ent><br/ -<hw>Par`a*cel"sus</hw> <pr>(p<acr/r`<adot/*s<ecr/l"s<ucr/s)</pr>, <pos>prop. n.</pos> <def><person>Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus</person> (originally <person>Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim</person>, also called <person>Theophrastus Paracelsus</person> and <person>Theophrastus von Hohenheim</person>). Born at <city>Maria-Einsiedeln</city>, in the Canton of Schwyz, <country>Switzerland</country>, Dec. 17 (or 10 Nov.), 1493: died at <city>Salzburg</city>, Sept. 23 (or 24), 1541. A celebrated German-Swiss physician, reformer of therapeutics, iatrochemist, and alchemist. He attended school in a small lead-mining district where his father, <person>William Bombast von Hohenheim</person>, was a physician and teacher of alchemy. The family originally came from <city>W<uum/rtemberg</city>, where the noble family of Bombastus was in possession of the ancestral castle of Hohenheim near <city>Stuttgart</city> until 1409. He entered the University of <city>Basel</city> at the age of sixteen, where he adopted the name <qex>Paracelsus</qex>, after <persfn>Celsius</persfn>, a noted Roman physician. But he left without a degree, first going to <city>Wurtzburg</city> to study under <person>Joannes Trithemius</person>, Abbot of Sponheim (1462-1516), a famous astrologer and alchemist, who initiated him into the mysteries of alchemy. He then spent many years in travel and intercourse with distinguished scholars, studied and practiced medicine and surgery, and at one point attended the Diet of Worms. He was appointed to the off |