path: root/webfont.txt

                 WEBSTER FONTS
                 =============

          Fonts for the Webster 1913 Dictionary.
          For version 0.50
          Last edit May 5, 2001
          ______________________________________
 (This file contains some extended ASCII characters, and should be
transmitted in binary mode)
---------------------------------------------------------------------- 

    This file describes a modified font for use in visualizing the
text of the 1913 "Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary" (W1913),
usable for the DOS operating system of IBM-compatible personal computers.
The electronic version of that dictionary and this font were prepared by
MICRA, Inc., Plainfield NJ, and are copyrighted (C) 1996 by MICRA, Inc.
For details of permissions and restrictions on using these files, see
the accompanying file "readme.web".
    The special characters used in the electronic version of the Webster
1913 are required for visualizing unusual characters used in the
etymology and pronunciation fields of the dictionary, in a form
comparable to the way they appear in the original.  Since there are
more than 256 characters used in that dictionary, not all can be
represented by single-byte codes, and are instead represented by
SGML-style "short-form" symbols.  (rather than the "entity" format
"&xx;"  The ampersand is used frequently, and we prefer to leave
the "<" as the only "escape" character) of the type <x/ where x
is a specific code for the symbol in the dictionary.
See the "Short Form" section below for details about such characters.
Note that the symbols used here are in some cases abbreviations
(for compactness) of the ISO 8879 recommended symbols.  If necessary,
the table below allows simple replacement by alternate encodings.
    This symbol font can be loaded in IBM-compatible (x86) computers
running the DOS operating system by using the "font.bat" command file
in the "utils" directory.  The fonts files for 8x14 and 8x16 fonts are
"web14.fnt" and "web16.fnt" respectively.
    For those loading the Webster onto some machine other than an
IBM-compatible running DOS, it will be necessary to provide a
translation table, to convert these characters into a code that
can be handled by that computer.  For this reason, I attach an
"explanation" for each character, for those who cannot view
the original DOS font.
    The DOS-loadable font does not contain all of the characters needed
to depict the etymologies or the pronunciations.  In addition to an
absence of several characters used in the pronunciations, no Greek letters are
included.  The Greek words appearing in the etymologies,
when they are included, will be typed in a
roman-letter transcription (See section on Greek transcription, below).
Only a very few Greek words have been thus transcribed as of the
present version (version 0.41).
    Wherever the typists did not know the character to use, they
usually inserted a reverse-video question mark (decimal 176).
This appears in full-ASCII versions as <?/.  This mark was used both for
characters in non-ASCII fonts, and for unreadable characters (i.e.,
characters smeared in the original or distorted in the copies available
to the typists. The type in the original was in many places smeared and
illegible at the left and right page margins; occasionally, small
parts of words were blotted out by plain white space).
    A character table for the high-order characters appears below.
Under that is a list and description of most of the special characters
used in the Webster files.
     Note that there are yet some characters used in the etymologies,
and some other symbols, which are not in this list.  For example, the
vowels with a double dot *underneath*, e.g. a (as in all) have no representation
in this character set, and, where explicitly entered in the dictionary,
are represented by <xdd/ where "x" is the letter, as in "<add/".

ITALICS
-------
   In most places, italic font is represented by the tags <it>...</it>
surrounding the italic text, or by some other tag which also implies
italic font.  In the pronunciations, however, where italicized vowels 
are used among non-italic and other special characters to indicate
pronunciation, the special codes <ait/, <eit/, <iit/, <oit/, <uit/, 
are also used to indicate the italicized vowel.

DIACRITICS
-------------
     The European grave and acute accents are represented by the
standard (IBM PC) high-order codes.  Other characters with diacritics
are represented by special "entity" codes, and in some cases also
are found in this special WEB1913 font, described below.
     Vowels with a circle above (as in Swedish) are coded <xring/
(x with a ring, or "degrees" mark over it); vowels with tilde over them
are represented by <xtil/, where "x" is the vowel, as in <etil/ (<atil/
also has code 238); letters with a dot above are represented by <xdot/
-- letter with a dot below are represented by <xsdot/ ("subdot");
vowels with the semi-long mark (a macron with a short perpendicular
vertical stroke attached above) are represented by <xsl/; the
circumflex vowels have codes on this list, but may also be represented
as <xcir/; vowels with macrons above are <xmac/ (including <oomac/,
the "oo" with an unbroken macron above the two letters, <aemac/ = the
ligature ae with a macron [also 214 = \'d6], and <oemac/ the ligature
oe with a macron [also 215 = \'d7]); vowels with umlauts or a crescent
(breve) above have codes in this list, but may also be represented by
<xum/ and <xcr/ respectively.  There is an occasional hacek or caron mark
(an inverted circumflex) in the original; such letters are coded <xcar/.
The o with a caron has code 213, but no others are in this font list.
The diaeresis is treated typographically as identical to the umlaut.
   A special modification, used only for poetry (see entry "saturnian verse"
under "saturnian") is a vowel with a macron, in which the macron is lighter
than the usual macron, signifying a stressed syllable which has a short
vowel sound.  This is represented by <xsmac/ ("short mac").
   Another special character used in pronunciations is an "n" with an underline (like
a macron, but below the letter), used to represent the "ng" sound.  This is coded
<nsm/ ("n sub-macron").  The ligated th used in pronunciations to depict the
"th" sound of "the" is coded as <th/.
    NOTE: the letter combinations "fi" and "fl" are invariably printed as the
ligatures &filig; and &fllig;, but these ligatures are not marked as such
in this transcription, and the two letters are left as individuals.

SPECIAL SYMBOLS
   The dagger <dag/, double dagger <ddag/, and paragraph mark <para/ are rarely used.
    The double prime, or "seconds" of a degree is sometimes represented by
a double "light accent" (code 183 = \'b7).  In other places, and in later
versions, it is represented by <sec/ = hex a9, in the webfont.
   The symbols "greater than" <gt/ and "less than" are encountered only
once, but are distinguished from the right- and left-angle brackets
(> and <) because of possible typographical differences in some fonts.
   The schwa is symbolized by <schwa/.  It is not used in the 
pronunciations, but is mentioned as a symbol.
   The right-pointing arrow is <rarr/, consistent with ISO 8879.

----------------------------------
Table 1     
----------------------------------
Numbers
�������                   Hex codes
1   
    
11                    (12 is a hard page break, 13 CR, 14 sect break)
21    
31   !"#  $%&'(         
121 yz{|}  ~���         79-7d 7e-82
131 �����  �����         83-87 88-8c
141 �����  �����         8d-91 92-96
151 �����  �����         97-9b 9c-a0
161 �����  �����         a1-a5 a6-aa
171 �����  �����         ab-af b0-b4
181 �����  �����         b5-b9 ba-be
191 �����  �����         bf-c3 c4-c8
201 �����  �����         c9-cd ce-d2
211 �����  �����         d3-d7 d8-dc
221 �����  �����         dd-e1 e2-e6
231 �����  �����         e7-eb ec-f0
241 �����  �����         f1-f5 f6-fa
251 �����                fb-ff

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Below is a complete list of the symbols used in the Webster ("webfont") 
which are encoded in the special font listed above, together with
corresponding symbols in ISO 8879 and Tex coding.  Much of this table was
prepared by Rik Faith, to whom we express our appreciation.
    The "nearest ASCII" equivalents are given for those who want to
display the data as best one can in 7-bit simple ASCII symbols without
using the "entity" symbols.
=========================================================================
----------------------------------
Table 2     
----------------------------------

Comments: 
  (1) The symbol in the "entity" column is the SGML-like symbol used in
      the present Webster files; the symbol in the "ISO 8879" column is
      the symbol for the same character given in "The user's guide to
      ISO 8879" by Smith and Stutely.
  (2) An asterisk "*" in the "entity" column means that this symbol and 
code value is not used in any form in the Webster 1913 electronic version.
  (3)  If no asterisk is in the "entity" column, and no other symbol is 
there, this means that in the Webster, only the hexadecimal representation
was used (e.g. for \'d8, \'bd, and  \'b8).
  (4) \'b6 and \'b7, the heavy and light "accents", are never above a
letter (these are not diacritical marks), but in-between letters, as the
stress accent used in the headwords and pronunciations.  The accent
*follows* the syllable accented.  The light accent \'b7 is also used as
the "prime" in mathematical expressions (e.g. a\'b7 = "a prime"), or as
 "minutes" in degrees-minutes-seconds, and when doubled (\'b7\'b7)
serves as "double prime" in mathematical expressions, and as "seconds"
in degrees-minutes-seconds.  The character \'a9 (<sec/ or &Prime;) is
also used to represent the double prime.
  (5) Although the semilong vowels are in the table (e.g. the "asl" 
= "a semilong", most of the entries in the ASCII version dictionary
use the <xsl/ symbol coding.  If you know of any printers' names for
these, do let me know.
  (6)  For some reason, the a breve and u breve have ISO codes (in the
Latin-2 table), but the other vowels don't, in the Smith & Stutely book.
Is this a mistake?
  (7) The symbol <nsc/ is used for "N small capitals", used in
pronunciations to represent the soun fo the nasal N in French words.
  (8) A weak accent (when not in pronunciations) is symbolized by <prime/, the "minutes" (of a degree) symbol.  A strong accent is symbolized by <bprime/ ("bold prime", not an ISO entity).
  (9) If you find any exceptions to these usage assertions, please
let me know.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     webfont       ISO 8879    latin1/ascii    TeX    nearest     description
------------------                                     ASCII
oct dec hex entity             oct dec hex
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
025  21  15  *                                   \S       *     section symbol

074  60  3c          lt         074  60  3c     $<$       <     less than
076  62  3e          gt         076  62  3e     $>$       >     greater than

200 128  80 <Cced/   Ccedil     307 199  c7     \c{C}     C     C cedilla
201 129  81 <uum/    uuml       374 252  fc     \"u       ue    u umlaut (diaeresis)
202 130  82 <eacute/ eacute     351 233  e9     \'e       e     e acute
203 131  83 <acir/   acirc      342 226  e2     \^a       a     a circumflex
204 132  84 <aum/    auml       344 228  e4     \"a       ae    a umlaut (diaeresis)
205 133  85 <agrave/ agrave     340 224  e0     \`a       a     a grave
206 134  86 <aring/  aring      345 229  e5     \aa       a     a ring above
207 135  87 <cced/   ccedil     347 231  e7     \c{c}     c     c cedilla
210 136  88 <ecir/   ecirc      352 234  ea     \^e       e     e circumflex
211 137  89 <eum/    euml       353 235  eb     \"e       e     e umlaut (diaeresis)
212 138  8a <egrave/ egrave     350 232  e8     \`e       e     e grave
213 139  8b <ium/    iuml       357 239  ef     \"i       i     i umlaut (diaeresis)
214 140  8c <icir/   icirc      356 238  ee     \^i       i     i circumflex
215 141  8d <igrave/ igrave     354 236  ec     \`i       i     i grave
216 142  8e <Aum/    Auml                                 A     A umlaut
217 143  8f          Aring                                A     A ring above

220 144  90 <Eacute/ Eacute     311 201  c9     \'E       e      E acute
221 145  91 <ae/     aelig      346 230  e6     \ae       ae     ligature ae
222 146  92 <AE/     AElig      306 198  c6     \AE       AE     ligature AE
223 147  93 <ocir/   ocirc      364 244  f4     \^o       o      o circumflex
224 148  94 <oum/    ouml       366 246  f6     \"o       oe     o umlaut (diaeresis)
225 149  95 <ograve/ ograve     362 242  f2     \`o       o      o grave
226 150  96 <ucir/   ucirc      373 251  fb     \^u       u      u circumflex
227 151  97 <ugrave/ ugrave     371 249  f9     \`u       u      u grave
230 152  98 <yum/    yuml                                 y      y umlaut
231 153  99 <Oum/    Ouml                                 O      O umlaut
232 154  9a <Uum/    Uuml       334 220  dc     \"U       U      U umlaut (diaeresis)
233 155  9b
234 156  9c <pound/  pound      243 163  a3     \pounds   *      pound sign (British)
235 157  9d  *
236 158  9e  *
237 159  9f  *
240 160  a0 <aacute/ aacute     341 225  e1     \'a        a     a acute
241 161  a1 <iacute/ iacute     355 237  ed     \'i        i     i acute
242 162  a2 <oacute/ oacute     363 243  f3     \'o        o     o acute
243 163  a3 <uacute/ uacute     372 250  fa     \'u        u     u acute
244 164  a4 <ntil/   ntilde     361 241  f1     \~n        ny    n tilde
245 165  a5 <Ntil/   Ntilde                                NY    N tilde
246 166  a6 <frac23/                      $\frac{2}{3}$    2/3   two-thirds
247 167  a7 <frac13/                      $\frac{1}{3}$    1/3   one-third
250 168  a8  *
251 169  a9 <sec/    Prime                                       seconds (of degree or time)
                                                                    Also, inches or double prime
252 170  aa  *
253 171  ab <frac12/            275 189  bd  $\frac{1}{2}$  1/2  one-half
254 172  ac <frac14/            274 188  bc  $\frac{1}{4}$  1/4  one-quarter
255 173  ad  *
256 174  ae  *
257 175  af  *
260 176  b0 <?/                                              (?)  Place-holder
                                            for unknown or illegible character.
261 177  b1  *
262 178  b2  *
263 179  b3  *
264 180  b4  *                                $\updownarrow$  *   verticle arrow
265 181  b5 <hand/                                            *   pointing hand
                                                                 (printer's "fist")
266 182  b6 <bprime/                           \"{}          ''   bold accent 
                                                             (used in pronunciations)
267 183  b7 <prime/  prime      264  180  b4     \'{}          '   light accent 
                                                            (used in pronunciations)
                                                            also minutes (of arc or time)
270 184  b8 <rdquo/ rdquo                       ''            "   close double quote
271 185  b9  *
272 186  ba  *                                  $\parallel$   ||   verticle double bar (l)
273 187  bb  *
274 188  bc <sect/  sect                        \S             *    section mark
275 189  bd <ldquo/ ldquo                        ``            "    open double quotes
276 190  be <amac/  amacr                       \=a           a    a macron
277 191  bf <lsquo/ lsquo                       `             `    left single quote

300 192  c0 <nsm/                                             ng   "n sub-macron"
301 193  c1 <sharp/ sharp                       $\sharp$      #      musical sharp
302 194  c2 <flat/  flat                        $\flat$       *     musical flat
303 195  c3  *                                  --            --    long dash (en-dash? )
304 196  c4  *                                  $-$            -    horizontal line
305 197  c5 <th/ (part 1)                                           first part of th ligature
                                                                   see 231 = e7 for part 2
306 198  c6 <imac/  imacr                       \=i            i    i macron
307 199  c7 <emac/  emacr                       \=e            e    e macron
310 200  c8 <dsdot/                                            d    Sanskrit/Tamil d dot 
311 201  c9 <nsdot/                                            n    Sanskrit/Tamil n dot
312 202  ca <tsdot/                                            t    Sanskrit/Tamil t dot
313 203  cb <ecr/                               \u{e}          e    e breve
314 204  cc <icr/                               \u{i}          i    i breve
315 205  cd  *
316 206  ce <ocr/                               \u{o}          o    o breve
317 207  cf  -                                  --             -    short dash

320 208  d0  --      mdash                      ---            --   long (em) dash
321 209  d1 <OE/     OElig                      \OE            OE   OE ligature
322 210  d2 <oe/     oelig                      \oe            oe   oe ligature
323 211  d3 <omac/   omacr                      \=o            o    o macron
324 212  d4 <umac/   umacr                      \=u            u    u macron
325 213  d5 <ocar/                              \v{o}          o    o hacek
326 214  d6 <aemac/                             \=\ae          ae   ae ligature macron
327 215  d7 <oemac/                             \=\oe          oe   oe ligature macron
330 216  d8          par                        $\parallel$    ||   double vertical
                                                                    bar(s)
331 217  d9  *
332 218  da  *
333 219  db  *
334 220  dc <ucr/   ubreve                      \u{u}           u  u breve
335 221  dd <acr/   abreve                      \u{a}           a  a breve
336 222  de <cre/   ssmile                      \u{}            ~  crescent
                                           (like a breve, but vertically centered --
                                            represents the short accent in poetic meter)
337 223  df <ymac/                              \=y             y   y macron

340 224  e0  <asl/                                              a   a "semilong"
                                          (has a macron above with a short vertical
                                            bar on top the center of the macron)
                                           Used in pronunciations.
341 225  e1  <esl/                                                   e "semilong"
342 226  e2  <isl/                                                   i "semilong"
343 227  e3  <osl/                                                   o "semilong"
344 228  e4  <usl/                                                   u "semilong"
345 229  e5  <adot/                                             a    a with dot above
346 230  e6  *                                                  mu  small Greek mu
347 231  e7  <th/ (part 2)                                          second part of th ligature
                                                                     see 197 = c5 for part 1
350 232  e8  *
351 233  e9  *
352 234  ea  *
353 235  eb <edh/   edh        360 240 f0                       th  small eth
354 236  ec  *
355 237  ed <thorn/ thorn      376 254 fe                       th  small thorn
356 238  ee <atil/  atilde                      \~a              a   a tilde
357 239  ef <ndot/                                               n   n with dot above

360 240  f0 <rsdot/                             \d{r}            r   r with a dot below
361 241  f1   *
362 242  f2   *
363 243  f3   *
364 244  f4 <yogh/                                               y   small yogh
365 245  f5 <mdash/ mdash                       ---              --  em dash
366 246  f6 <divide/ divide    367 247 f7       $\div$           /   division sign
367 247  f7         ap                          $\approx$        ~=  "double tilde"
370 248  f8 <deg/   deg        260 176 b0       ${}^\circ$       *    degree sign
371 249  f9 <middot/                            $\bullet$        *    bold middle dot
372 250  fa   *                267 183 b7       $\cdot$          *    light middle dot
373 251  fb <root/  radic                       $\surd$          *    root sign
374 252  fc   *
375 253  fd   *
376 254  fe   *
377 255  ff   *

----------------------------------
Table 3     
----------------------------------

====================================================================
The table below gives some additional information about some of the 
more commonly used entities
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Frequently used:
decimal  hex    char  definition
   21                  section symbol -- another section also at 197
                       (so that 21 can be used as a normal control
                         character)
  126            ~     used by typists as a place-holder in word
                         combinations where an uncapitalized headword
                         should be.
  128    80      �     <Cced/ c cedilla (uppercase)
  129    81      �     <uum/ u umlaut
  130    82      �     e acute
  131    83      �     a circumflex
  132    84      �     <aum/ a umlaut
  133    85      �     a grave
  134    86      �     <aring/ a with "ring" (circle) above (Swedish!)
  135    87      �     <cced/ c cedilla
  136 - 144            standard European set for IBM
  136    88      �     <ecir/ e circumflex
  137    89      �     <eum/ e umlaut (or e with dieresis above)
  138    8a      �     e grave
  145    91      �     <ae/ = "ae" fused ligature
  146    92      �     <AE/ = upper-case "ae" fused ligature
  147    93      �     <ocir/ o circumflex
  148    94      �     <oum/ o "umlaut", used mostly in "co�peration,
                        Zo�l." and in pronunciations
  164    a4      �     <ntil/ Spanish "enye"
  166    a6      �     <frac23/ two-thirds (fraction)
  167    a7      �     <frac13/ one-third (fraction)
  169    a9      �     <sec/  seconds of degree or time, or double-prime
  171    ab      �     <frac12/ one-half, as in the original IBM set
  172    ac      �     <frac14/ one-fourth (fraction)
  176    b0      �     <?/ = (reverse-video question mark), used
                        to represent an uncodable or illegible character
  180    b4      �     long verticle double-headed arrow (a reference mark)
  181    b5      �     <hand/ = (the typographer's "fist")
                        Appearing as a "pointing hand" character
                       (for explanatory notes)
  182    b6      �    bold accent in headwords
                       replaced in full ASCII version by double quote = "
  183    b7      �     light accent in headwords
                       replaced within headwords in the full ASCII version
                       by an open-single-quote (` = ASCII 96, not the same
                       as 191, \'bf).   This mark is used also
                       for minutes of a degree, and for "prime"
                       to modify variables in mathematical expressions.
                         -- two of these in sequence represent seconds
                        of a degree, or double prime.  The seconds
                        symbol is also represented by <sec/ (hex a9).
  184    b8      �     close double quotes (used with 189 [= \'bd], open quote)
  186    ba      �     verticle double bar - represents the symbol used
                       in the printed dictionary before a headword to
                       signify that the word was adopted without
                       anglicization from a foreign language
                       but in the full-ASCII version this function
                        uses \'d8 -- see 216
  188    bc      �     <sect/ section mark
                       - alternate to 21 (a control character)
  189    bd      �     open double quotes (used with 184, close quote)
  190    be      �     <amac/ a macron
  191    bf      �     <lsquo/ "left single quote"
                        single open quote mark (not same as ASCII 96)
  192    c0      �     <nsm/ "n sub-macron", an n with a macron below --
                        represents the "ng" sound in pronunciations
  193    c1      �     <sharp/ sharp - music notation
  194    c2      �     <flat/  flat  - music notation
  195    c3      �     long dash, one pixel removed from left
                       will fuse with left long dash, char 208
  196    c4      �     graphic horizontal line
  195+208        ��     combination for a very long dash.  In the
                        original typing, the dash char 208 was used
                        for both non-breaking hyphen (in hyphenated
                        words), and for the em-dash used as an
                        introductory mark for various segments.
                        The em-dash should be distinguished from
                        the hyphen, but that conversion hasn't yet
                        been done.
                         In the full ASCII version, a double hypen
                        "--" represent the m-dash
  197    c5      �     <th/ (part 1) first of a pair of characters
     197+231 = ��        used to represent the th ligature --
                         <th/ represents the "th" sound of "mother"
                       see 231 (e7) for part 2
  198    c6      �     <imac/ = i macron
  199    c7      �     <emac/ = e macron
  200    c8      �     <dsdot/ Sanskrit/Tamil d with dot underneath
  201    c9      �     <nsdot/ Sanskrit/Tamil n with dot underneath
  202    ca      �     <tsdot/ Sanskrit/Tamil t with dot underneath
  203    cb      �     <ecr/ = e with crescent (breve) above.  Used
                        - in some etymologies and pronunciation
  204    cc      �     <icr/ = i with crescent (breve) above - used
                        - in some etymologies and pronunciation
  206    ce      �     <ocr/ = o with crescent (breve) above - used
                        - in some etymologies and pronunciation
  207    cf      �     short dash, used in hyphenated words, and in
                         breaking syllables where no accent is used. But
                         sometimes the typists used the normal hyphen [45],
                         or the long dash (decimal 208) for that purpose.
                         The normal hyphen is the same length as the long
                         dash, but one pixel higher in the character box.
                         # In headwords, in the full ASCII version, this
                         short dash is represented by the asterisk "*".
  208    d0      �     <mdash/ = represents the long dash, used for the em 
                         dash which often precedes certain sections within a
                         definition, and which separates some sections,
                         such as wordforms or collocations within a
                         collocation segment.  This is replaced in the
                         full ASCII version by a double hyphen, "--".
  210    d2      �     <oe/ = "oe" fused ligature
  211    d3      �     <omac/ = o macron
  212    d4      �     <umac/ = u macron
  213    d5      �     <ocar/ o with caron (hacek) (inverted circumflex) above
  214    d6      �     <aemac/ = "ae" ligature with a macron
  215    d7      �     <oemac/ = "oe" ligature with a macron
  216    d8      �     <par/ double vertical bar (short length; the long
                       length is the graphics character 186)
                       This precedes words marked with a double vertical bar in
                       the original dictionary, signifying that the word was
                       adopted directly into English without modification of
                       the spelling.
  220    dc      �     <ucr/ = u with crescent above - used in some etymologies
  221    dd      �     <acr/ = a with crescent above - used in some etymologies
  222    de      �     <cre/ = "crescent", an upward-curving crescent
                        used as a poetic meter mark
  223    df      �     <ymac/ = y macron (used in Anglo-Saxon?) 
  229    e5      �     <adot/ = a with a dot above (for pronunciations)
  231    e7      �     <th/ (part 2) second of a two-character combination
     197+231 = ��        used to represent the th ligature in pronunciations
                         <th/ represents the "th" sound of "mother"
  235    eb      �     <edh/ = Old English and Icelandic "edh", (or "eth")
                        like a Greek delta with a hatch mark
                        through the ascender. Used to represent the
                        Anglo-Saxon/Icelandic/Gothic character,
                        in etymologies, pronounced like "th"
  237    ed      �     <thorn/ "thorn", an Old English and Icelandic
                        character, appears like a "p" with an extended
                        ascender.
                        Used to represent the
                        Anglo-Saxon/Icelandic/Gothic character,
                        in etymologies, pronounced like "th"
                        in "thorn" and also as in "brother"
  238    ee      �     <atil/ a with tilde above - in some etymologies
  244    f4      �     <yogh/ like a script "3" or "z". Used in Old English
                       etymologies, analogous to "y"
  247    f7      �     double tilde ("approximately equals").
                       used by typists as a place-holder in word
                         combinations where the capitalized headword
                         should be.
  248    f8      �     <deg/ degrees (temperature or angle).  Note: some
                          typists used a superscript "o" to signify
                          degrees.  This must be corrected!
  249    f9      �     middle dot (bold)
  250    fa      �     middle dot (light)
  251    fb      �     <root/ "root" sign used in etymologies, as in original
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

======================================
   Greek transcription
=====================================
Greek letters are represented:
   (capitals represent capital letters; lower-case represent lower-case)
   #Note that "h" in transliterations is used individually, as eta, and
   also in the combination "ch" (chi).  Conversions to other codings
   must first convert "ch" before converting "h", or at least verify
   that an "h" to be converted has no preceding "c".  "c" is not
   otherwise used, so there is no ambiguity.  Also, "ps" always
   represents a psi; it could in theory occur as a pi-sigma
   combination, but it doesn't.  Occasionally, "th" was entered instead
   of "q" to represent theta; these should be checked to verify that
   they do not represent tau-eta, and converted to "q".

(1) characters individually:
  By the short-form notation <alpha/, <beta/, <gamma/, <lambda/ etc.
  Capitalized letters are <ALPHA/, etc.
(2) in words:
 By inclusion within the markers <grk></grk>, using the following
  roman-letter equivalents for the Greek letters:
   Accents:
     (a) aspirants -- used in front of the letter modified, which is
usually in *front* of words beginning in vowels.  Of two types:
     ' (apostrophe) for the left-curving apirant (spiritus lenis)
     " (double quote) for the right-curving aspirant (spiritus asper)
       (when the aspirant is on a letter inside a word, it is placed
          in front of the letter it modifies.)
      (the left-curving aspirant is also used over rho, which is
        then usually transliterated "rh".  The " in such cases is
        placed in front of the r (for rho) which it modifies).
     (b) normal accent (appearing as an acute accent in the original):
          `  (left open quote, ASCII ) -- placed after accented vowel
     (b) grave accent (appearing as an grave accent in the original):
          ~  (tilde, ASCII ) -- placed after accented vowel.  This is
          rarely seen, as in <grk>to~ pa^n</grk> at "universe" or
          <grk>ta~ gewrgika`</grk> (at "Georgic").
     (c) curving accent (appearing as a rounded circumflex):
          ^  (circumflex) -- placed after accented vowel
     (d) "iota" subscript (ogonek)-- a comma placed after the vowel
               having the subscript
     (e) diaeresis:
         the double dot found occasionally over the iota is
         represented by a colon immediately after the iota,
         as the i-diaeresis in <grk>Farisai:ko`s</grk> (at "pharisaic").

     Where a letter has two accents, both are placed *after* the vowel
     Letters with an aspirant and an accent have the
         aspirant before the letter, and the accent after it.
     ------------------------


The capitalized Greek letters are represented by the capitalized
   versions of the letters shown here.
-----------------------------------------
  Greek letter    transliteration
  ------------    ---------------
    alpha           a
    beta            b
    gamma           g
    delta           d
    epsilon         e
    zeta            z
    eta             h
    theta           q  (th was used in some earier sections, but was
                         changed due to potential confusion with the
                         tau+eta combination, as in <grk>lyth`rios</grk>
                         (at "lyterian")  or  <grk>poihth`s</grk>
                         (at "maker") )
    iota            i
    kappa           k
    lambda          l
    mu              m
    nu              n
    xi              x
    omicron         o
    pi              p
    rho             r
    sigma           s   (end form not distinguished here from middle
                         form within words, but when isolated, use <sigmat/
                         ("terminal sigma") for the end form)
    tau             t
    upsilon         y    (Used for both "u" and "y" pronunciations)
    phi             f
    chi             ch  (c is always followed by h, so the h component
                            is not confusable with eta)
    psi             ps  (theoretically confusable with pi-sigma, but that
                            combination seems never to occur)
    omega           w

 (Roman j, v, u are unused)