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FIELD MARKS FOR WEBSTER 1913 and CIDE
=====================================

* Overview

This file describes the tags used to mark the Webster 1913 dictionary and
the GCIDE (GNU Collaborative International Dictionary of English).

If any tag is not listed here, it is either (1) one of the "point" (font
size) or "type" (font style) tags, which should be self-explanatory; or (2)
is a functional field with no effect on the typography.

Last modified March 12, 1999.
     For questions, contact:
     Patrick Cassidy           cassidy@micra.com
     735 Belvidere Ave.
     Plainfield, NJ 07062
     (908) 561-3416   or (908) 668-5252

A separate file, webfont.txt, contains the list of the individual
non-ASCII characters represented by either higher-order hexadecimal
character marks (e.g., \'94, for o-umlaut) or by entity tags (e.g.,
<root/, for the square root symbol.)

* Introduction

In the MICRA electronic version of the 1913 Webster and in GCIDE, each part
of the entry headed by an entry word ("headword") is labeled so that no part
of the entry except some punctuation marks should be found outside of all
fields, i.e. every character should be within some tagged field.  In the
following description, the word "segment" usually refers to a major part of
an entry such as an etymology or a definition or a collocation segment or a
usage block, containing more than one field.  The term "field" may also be
used similarly to "segment", but may also denote single-word fields, such as
an alternative spelling, labeled <asp>.

The tags on this list are similar in structure to SGML tags.  Each tag on
this list marks a field; each field opens with a tagname between angle
brackets thus: <tagname>, and closes with a similar tag containing the
forward slash thus: </tagname>.  No tags are used without closing tags.
Thus a line break (similar to HTML <br> tag) is symbolized here as an
entity, <br/, and every <p> has a corresponding </p>.

The absence of an end-field tag, or the presence of an end-field tag without
a prior begin-field tag constitutes a typographical error, of which there
may be a significant number.  Any errors detected should be brought to the
attention of PJC or the appropriate editor.

Most of the tagged fields are presented in the text in italic type, with a
number of exceptions.  Where a word is contained within more than one field,
the innermost field determines the font to be used.  Wherever recognizable
functional fields were found, an attempt was made to tag the field with a
functional mark, but in many cases, words were italicised only to represent
the word itself as a discourse entity, and in some such cases, the "italic"
mark <it> was used, implying nothing regarding functionality of the word.
The base font is considered "plain".  Where an italic field is indicated,
parentheses or brackets within the field are not italicised.

Where no font is specified for a tag, the tag is merely a functional
division, and was printed in plain font unless otherwise tagged.  This type
of segment is marked by an asterisk (*) where the font name would be.  The
size of the "plain" font in the original text is about 1.6 mm for the height
of capitalized letters.

* Explicit typographical tags

These were used where the purpose of a different font was merely to
distinguish a word from the body of the text, and no explicit functional tag
seemed apropriate.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag           Font         Description 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
<plain>       plain font   that used in the body of a definition -- normally
                           not marked, except within fields of a different
                           front.
			   
<it>          italic       in master files

<i>           italic       for use in HTML presentation

<bold>        bold         in master files

<b>           bold         for use in HTML presentation

<colf>        bold,        Collocation font.  Same font as used in
                           collocations. 
              smaller      This is used only in the list of "un-"
	      by 1 point   words not actually defined in the
			   dictionary. 
	                   Probably could be replaced by a segment mark
			   for the entire list!  The "un-" words should
			   be indexed as headwords.
			   
<ct>          bold         Same as <colf>, a font similar to that used 
                           in collocations.  However, this tag is used
			   in a table and could be set to a different
			   font.
			   
<h1>          *            HTML tag -- largest heading font.

<h2>          *            HTML tag -- second largest heading font.

<headrow>     *            Marks a Row title in a table.

<hwf>                      Font the same as the headword <hw>, though
                           the field is not a headword.  Used only
			   once.
			   
<mitem>       *            Multiple items, a set of items in a table.
<point ...>                A series of point size markers, many
                           unique.
			   
<point1.5>    *            One of the tags of the form <point**> where **
<point6>                   represents the typographic point size of the 
                           enclosed text.
			   
<pre>                      An HTML tag indicating that the enclosed
                           text is of teletype form, preformatted in a
                           uniform-spaced font.
			   
<sc>          small caps   used mostly for "a. d.",  "b. c."
                           This is the same font as in <er>, but has no
                           functional or semantic significance.
			   
<str>                      group of table data elements in a table.

<sub>         subscript

<subs>        subscript

<sups>        superscript

<supr>        superscript

<sansserif>   Sans-serif

<stypec>      Bold         collocation font, and also a subtype.

<tt>                       HTML tage -- teletype font

<universbold>              A squared bold font without serifs approximating
                           the "universe bold" font on the HP Laserjet4,
                           slightly larger than the capitals in a definition
                           body.  Used in expositions describing shapes,
                           such as "Y", "T", "U", "X", "V", "F".
			   
<vertical>                 Vertically organized column.

<column1>                  Vertically organized column -- only part of a table
                           which needs to be completed.  Used once.
			   
<...type>                  A series of tags, many unique, designating
                           certain unusual fonts, such as "bourgeoistype"
                           for "bourgeois type", in the section on
                           typography.  Most of these occur only once, in
                           the section on fonts.  Some examples follow:
<antiquetype>
<blacklettertype>
<boldfacetype>
<bourgeoistype>
<boxtype>
<clarendontype>
<englishtype>
<extendedtype>
<frenchelzevirtype>
<germantype>
<gothictype>
<greatprimertype>
<longprimertype>
<miniontype>
<nonpareiltype>
<oldenglishtype>
<oldstyletype>
<pearltype>
<picatype>
<scripttype>
<smpicatype>
<typewritertype>

* Tags with semantic content:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag           Font         Meaning and Description 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
<altsp>       *            Alternative spelling segment.  Almost always
                           contained within square brackets after the main
                           definition segment.  Expository words such as
                           "Spelled also" are in plain font; the actual
                           alternative spelling is marked by <asp> ...
                           </asp> tags within this segment.
			   
<ant>         italic       Antonym.

<asp>         italic       Alternative spelling.  The actual word which is
                           an alternative spelling to the headword.  These
                           are functionally synonyms of the headword.  In
                           most cases these also occur as headwords, with
                           reference to the word where the actual definition
                           is found, but not all such words are listed
                           separately, particularly if the spelling is close
                           enough to the headword to be found at the same
                           point in the dictionary.  Whether listed
                           separately or not, these words should be indexed
                           at this location, also.

<au>          italic       Authority or author.  Used where an authority is
                           given for a definition, and also used for the
                           author, where a quotation within double quotes is
                           given in the same paragraph as the definition.
                           The double quotes are indicated by the open-quote
                           (\'bd) and close-quote (\'b8).  In both cases, it
                           is typically right-justified, almost always
                           fitting on the same line with the last line of
                           the definition or quotation.
			   
                           Within collocation segments, it is usually used
                           only after quotations, and is not
                           right-justified, except occasionally where it
                           would be close to the right margin, and then
                           apparently is is right-justified.  We have not
                           explicitly marked those which are
                           right-justified, but they can be recognized
                           because they are on a line by themselves,
                           preceded by two carriage returns.

<bio>         *            Marks a biography.  Should be longer than a short
                           mention of who a person was, which is typically
                           included as a definition.

<biography>   *            Same as <bio>

<booki>       italic       Marks the name of a book, pamphlet, or similar
                           document.

<branchof>    *            A field of knowledge which of which the headword
                           is a division.

<caption>     *            Caption of a figure or table.

<cas>         *            tags the CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service)
                           registry number for a chemical substance.

<causes>      italic       tags the infectious disease caused by the
                           headword.  Implied type of the agent is a
                           microorganism, and the tag must mark a disease.

<causesp>     *            Same as <causes> without the italic type.
<causedbyp>   *            Same as <causedby> without the italic type.

<causedby>    italic       inverse of <causes>: tags the causative agent of
                           an infectious disease, which is the headword.
                           The tag must mark a microorganism, virus, or
                           prion, and the implied type of the headword is a
                           disease.

<centered>                 Used only for the single letter in the headers to
                           each letter of the alphabet.

<city>        *            marks the proper name of a city.  Used only
                           occasionally and not consistently at this stage.

<cnvto>       italic       Converted to: used to tag substances which are
                           products prepared by conversion from the
                           headword.  Usually chemicals or complex products
                           from natuarl materials.  Rarely used up to 1998.

<colheads>    *            List of heads for the columns of a table.

<coltitle>    *            Title of a column in a table.

<comm>        *            Comment -- differs from <note> in being in-line
                           with the definition paragraph.  Provides a little
                           additional information.

<company>     *            Name of a company (commercial firm).  Compare
                           <org>. 

<compof>      italic       Composed of.  Tags a substance of which the
                           headword is at least partly composed.  The
                           substance may be particulate, such as diatoms
                           composing diatomaceous earth.

<contains>    *            marks an object contained within the headword.

<contr>       italic       Contrasting word.  Not exactly an antonym, which
                           is marked <ant>, but a contrasting word which is
                           often introduced as "opposite to" or "contrasts
                           with".

<country>     *            Name of a country (nation) of the world.

<cref>        italic       Collocation reference.  A reference to a
                           collocation.  Each such collocation should have
                           its own entry, marked by <col> ... </col> tags,
                           and these references should function as hypertext
                           buttons to access that entry.

<date>        *            A Date, of any type, e.g. <date>Dec. 25</date>.

<datey>       *            Date-with-year tags a date containing a year.

<def>         *            A definition.  The definition may have subfields,
                           particularly <as> (an illustrative phrase
                           starting with "as" or "thus" and containing the
                           headword (or a morphological derivative).  The
                           <mark>, \'bd...\'b8 quotations (left and right
                           double quotes) and <au> fields may be found
                           within a definition field, but should and usually
                           are located outside the definition proper.  The
                           marking macro was inconsistent in this placement,
                           and the exclusion of the <mark>, <au> and
                           quotations needs to be completed by the
                           proof-readers.

                           Certain definitions contain <pos> fields within
                           them, where the headword is an irregular
                           derivative of another headword.  In these cases,
                           the <pos> field follows immediately after the
                           <def> tag, and these entries do not have a
                           separate <pos> field.  In such cases, the <pos>
                           field is italic, as usual.

<divof>       *            Division of the headword, usually an
                           organization.  E. g. a faculty or department of a
                           university, or a United Nations agency.

<edi>         *            Marks an education institution, a subtype of
                           organization.

<emits>       *            Tags a physical object or form of radiation
                           emitted by the headword.

<figure>                   Just a place-holder for illustrations, but seldom
                           used.

<film>        italic       Marks the name of a movie film.

<fld>         italic       Field of specialization.  Most often used for
                           Zoology and Botany, but many "fields of
                           specialization" are marked for technical terms.
                           The parentheses are usually within this field,
                           but are not themselves in italics.

<geog>        *            Name of a geograpahical region of any size; if
                           applicable, the more specific <city>, <state>, or
                           <country> are preferred.

<hypen>       *            Hyperym.  Points to the hypernym from WordNet 1.5
                           Initially, used only for entries extracted from
                           WordNet 1.5.  Not present in the original 1913
                           version.
                                           
<illu>        *            Illustrative usage -- mostly from WordNet, and
                           placed outside the definition, in contrast to
                           <as> usage.  These should be converted to
                           <as>...</as> illustrative usage format for
                           consistency.

<illust>      *            Illustration place-holder.  Seldom used.

<img>         *            HTML usage -- points to an image file, usually
                           .gif or .jpg.  These have no closing tag, and
                           will appear as errors in parsing.
			   
<intensi>     *            Points to a word whose meaning is an intensified
                           form of the headword. Taken from WordNet tags,
                           used with some adjectives from WordNet.
			   
<item>        *            Designates one item in a row of a table.  Used
                           only when intervening spaces do not serve
                           properly as natural field separaters.
			   
<itran>       italic       Translation into a foreign (non-English) language
                           of the previous word in the text -- italic font.
                           (<sig> is a translation into English)
			   
<itrans>      italic       Same as <itran>

<jour>        *            Title of a journal (periodical).

<matrix>      *            Always a filled rectangular array.

<matrix2x5>   *            A 2x5 matrix (2 rows by 5 columns).

<mstypec>     *            Multiple synonymous subtypes -- used in def. of
                           "grass".
			   
<mtable>      *            Multiple table, encloses <table> figures.

<musfig>      *            Music figure.  Only in a note under the entry
                           "Figure", the two numbers of each such field are
                           bold, 20 point type, stacked as in a fraction
                           with a bar between them, but also having a
                           horizontal stroke midway through each
                           numeral. Unique to this entry.
			   
<p>           *            Paragraph tag, used always in pairs.  Line breaks
                           may be embedded inside the paragraphs.
			   
<person>      *            Marks the proper name of a person.  Used only
                           occasionally, but should be used more frequently
                           for cases where first names are abbreviated, to
                           reduce ambiguity of the period for automatic
                           analysis.  Where a title is given, prefixed or
                           postfixed, it is included in this tag.

<persfn>      *            Marks the name of a person, when only one name
                           (usually the last name) is given.  Not used
                           consistently where it should be.

<publ>        *            Marks the name of a publication other than book,
                           which is marked by <booki>.  It is often a
                           magazine or journal.
			   
<qpers>       *            Tags the name of a person who is speaking, within
                           a quotation.
			   
<qperson>                  Same as <qpers>

<cp>          *            Collocation, plain text -- used to tag phrases
                           that should be parsed as a unit, but has no
                           typographical significance.
			   
<qau>         italic       Always right-justified, as described for <au>.

<ref>         *            A reference to a word in the vocabulary.

<refs>        *            Marks the set of references used for a longer
                           article such as a biography.
			   
<river>       *            Marks the name of a river -- a proper name.

<rj>          *            Right justified.

<row>         *            Designates a row in a table.

<state>       *            Name of a geopolitical state, the first
                           subdivision of a country. Includes, e.g. Canadian
                           provinces.
			   
<subtypes>    *            Lists subtypes of the headword.

<sup>         *            Superscript

<supr>        *            Supra.  The two parts of each such field are
                           stacked, one over the other, *without* a
                           horizontal bar between (as in a fraction).  Used
                           only in one entry, for a musical notation.
			   
<table>       *            Always a filled rectangular array, having <row>
                           and <item> elements.
			   
<td>          *            Table datum - one cell in a table.

<th>          *            Table header.

<tradename>   *            Tags a commercial Trade name.

<ttitle>      *            Table title (Larger than normal font).
====================================================================

* Functional Tags

In the table below, font size comparatives are relative to the plain font.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag           Font         Meaning and Description 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
<--    -->    *            Comment, not a tag.  These segments should be
                           deleted from the written or printed text.  Page
                           numbers of the original text are indicated within
                           such comments; these may be left in, if desired.

<!   !>       *            A comment.  Used to indicate page numbers in the
                           public domain version.

<abbr>        italic       Tag for abbreviations, when mentioned within the
                           definition text.

<adjf>        small caps   Tags for the actual adjective or adverb
                           comparatives or superlatives.  Should be
                           indexed. See also conjf (verbs) and decf (nouns).

<altname>     italic       Alternative name.  Usually for plants or animals,
                           but also used for other cases where words are
                           introduced by "also called", "called also",
                           "formerly called".  These are