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            FIELD MARKS FOR WEBSTER 1913 and CIDE
            =====================================
Tagset.web:
     Explanations of the tags used to mark the Webster 1913 dictionary
and the CIDE (Collaborative International Dictionary of English).
Note that the list of tags used to mark the public domain version
of this dictionary is shorter than the full set described here.
    If any tag is not listed here, it is either (1) one of the 
"point" (font size) or "type" (font style) tags, which should be self-explanatory; or
        (2) Is a functional field with no effect on the typography.

Last modified March 12, 1999.
     For questions, contact:
     Patrick Cassidy           cassidy@micra.com
     735 Belvidere Ave.
     Plainfield, NJ 07062
     (908) 561-3416   or (908) 668-5252
-------------------------------------------------------------
A separate file, webfont.asc, contains the list of the individual 
non-ASCII characters represented by either higher-order hexadecimal
character marks (e.g., \'94, for o-umlaut) or by entity tags
(e.g., <root/, for the square root symbol.)
--------------------------------------------------------------
     Use of tags:
     In the MICRA electronic version of the 1913 Webster, each part of
the entry headed by an entry word ("headword") is labeled so that no
part of the entry except some punctuation marks should be found
outside of all fields, i.e. every character should be within some tagged
field.  In the following description, the word "segment" usually refers to 
a major part of an entry such as an etymology or a definition or a 
collocation segment or a usage block, containing more than one field.
The term "field" may also be used similarly to "segment", but may also
denote single-word fields, such as an alternative spelling, labeled <asp>.

   Note: The tags on this list are similar in structure to SGML tags.  Each
tag on this list  marks a field; each field opens with a tagname between
angle brackets thus: <tagname>, and closes with a similar tag containing
the forward slash thus: </tagname>.  No tags are used without closing
tags.  Thus the HTML <BR> to indicate a line break is symbolized
here as an entity, <br/, and every <p> has a corresponding </p>.
    The absence of an end-field tag, or the presence of an end-field tag
without a prior begin-field tag constitutes a typographical error, of which
there may be a significant number.  Any errors detected should be brought
to the attention of PJC or the appropriate editor.
   Most of the tagged fields are presented in the text in italic type, 
with a number of exceptions.  Where a word is contained within more than 
one field, the innermost field determines the font to be used.  Wherever
recognizable functional fields were found, an attempt was made to tag the
field with a functional mark, but in many cases, words were italicised only
to represent the word itself as a discourse entity, and in some such cases,
the "italic" mark <it> was used, implying nothing regarding functionality
of the word.  The base font is considered "plain".  Where an italic field
is indicated, parentheses or brackets within the field are not italicised.
   Where no font is specified for a tag, the tag is merely a functional
division, and was printed in plain font unless otherwise tagged.  This type
of segment is marked by an asterisk (*) where the font name would be.
   The size of the "plain" font in the original text is about 1.6 mm for
the height of capitalized letters.
=============================================================
Explicit typographical tags:
   These were used where the purpose of a different font was merely to
distinguish a word from the body of the text, and no explicit functional
tag seemed apropriate.
-----------------------------------
Tag        Font
-----------------------------------
Explicit formatting tags:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
<plain>    plain font (that used in the body of a definition) --
              normally not marked, except within fields of
              a different front.
<it>       italic  (in master files)
<i>        italic  (for use in HTML presentation)
<bold>     bold    (in master files)
<b>        bold    (for use in HTML presentation)
<colf>   bold,    Collocation font.  Same font as used in collocations.
        smaller      This is used only in the list of "un-" words not
        by 1 point   actually defined in the dictionary.  Probably could be
                     replaced by a segment mark for the entire list!
                     The "un-" words should be indexed as headwords.

<ct>   bold    Same as <colf>, a font similar to that used in 
                 collocations.  However, this tag is used in a table
                 and could be set to a different font.

<h1>      *     HTML tag -- largest heading font.

<h2>      *     HTML tag -- second largest heading font.

<headrow> *    Marks a Row title in a table.

<hwf>      Font the same as the headword <hw>, though the field is
                 not a headword.  Used only once.

<mitem>  *   Multiple items, a set of items in a table.
<point ...> A series of point size markers, many unique.
<point1.5> *  One of the tags of the form <point**> where **
<point6>        represents the typographic point size of the 
                enclosed text.
<pre>     An HTML tag indicating that the enclosed text is
             of teletype form, preformatted in a uniform-spaced
             font.
<sc>       small caps    (used mostly for "a. d.",  "b. c.")
              This is the same font a <er>, but has no functional
              or semantic significance
<str>       group of table data elements in a table
<sub>       subscript, like <subs>
<subs>      subscript
<sups>      superscript
<supr>      superscript
<sansserif> Sans-serif font
<stypec>    Bold (collocation font) and also a subtype.
<tt>         HTML tage -- teletype font
<universbold>  A squared bold font without serifs approximating the
               "universe bold" font on the HP Laserjet4, slightly 
               larger than the capitals in a definition body.  Used
               in expositions describing shapes, such as
                  "Y", "T", "U", "X", "V", "F".
<vertical>  Vertically organized column.
<column1>   Vertically organized column -- only part of a table
              which needs to be completed.  Used once.
<...type>   A series of tags, many unique, designating certain
              unusual fonts, such as "bourgeoistype" for
              "bourgeois type", in the section on typography.
           Most of these occur only once, in the section on fonts.
<antiquetype>
<blacklettertype>
<boldfacetype>
<bourgeoistype>
<boxtype>
<clarendontype>
<englishtype>
<extendedtype>
<frenchelzevirtype>
<germantype>
<gothictype>
<greatprimertype>
<longprimertype>
<miniontype>
<nonpareiltype>
<oldenglishtype>
<oldstyletype>
<pearltype>
<picatype>
<scripttype>
<smpicatype>
<typewritertype>

=============================================================
Tags with semantic content:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
<altsp>    *          Alternative spelling segment.  Almost always
                         contained within square brackets after the main
                          definition segment.  Expository words
                          such as "Spelled also" are in plain font;
                          the actual alternative spelling is marked by
                          <asp> ...  </asp> tags within this segment.

<ant>     italic     Antonym.

<asp>    italic      Alternative spelling.  The actual word which is an
                          alternative spelling to the headword.  These
                          are functionally synonyms of the headword.  In
                          most cases these also occur as headwords, with
                          reference to the word where the actual definition
                          is found, but not all such words are listed
                          separately, particularly if the spelling is
                          close enough to the headword to be found at the
                          same point in the dictionary.  Whether listed
                          separately or not, these words should
                          be indexed at this location, also.

<au>    italic          Authority or author.  Used where an authority is
      (may be right-       given for a definition, and also used for the
       justified. See      author, where a quotation within double quotes
       in the section      is given in  the same paragraph as the
       on formatting).     definition.  The double quotes are indicated
                           by the open-quote (\'bd) and close-quote
                           (\'b8).   In both cases, it is typically
                           right-justified, almost always fitting on
                           the same line with the last line of the
                           definition or quotation.
                               Within collocation segments, it is usually
                           used only after quotations, and is not right-
                           justified, except occasionally where it
                           would be close to the right margin, and then
                           apparently is is right-justified.  We have
                           not explicitly marked those which are
                           right-justified, but they can be
                           recognized because they are on a line by
                           themselves, preceded by two carriage returns.

<bio>       *       Marks a biography.  Should be longer than
                      a short mention of who a person was, which
                      is typically included as a definition.

<biography>   *     Same as <bio>

<booki>  italic      Marks the name of a book, pamphlet, or similar
                     document.

<branchof>    *       A field of knowledge which of which the headword 
                           is a division.

<caption>    *     Caption of a figure or table.

<cas>       *      tags the CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) registry
                      number for a chemical substance. 

<causes> italic    tags the infectious disease caused by the headword.
                   Implied type of the agent is a microorganism, and
                   the tag must mark a disease.

<causesp>    *      Same as <causes> without the italic type.
<causedbyp>  *      Same as <causedby> without the italic type.

<causedby> italic  inverse of causes: tags the causative agent of an
                   infectious disease, which is the headword .
                   the tag must mark a microorganism, virus, or
                   prion, and the implied type of the headword is 
                   a disease.

<centered>  Used only for The single letter in the headers to each
            letter of the alphabet.

<city>    *        marks the proper name of a city.  Used only
                   occasionally and not consistently at this stage.

<cnvto>   italic    Converted to: used to tag substances which are
                      products prepared by conversion from the
                      headword.  Usually chemicals or complex
                      products from mnatuarl materials.  Rarely used
                      up to 1998.

<colheads>  *      List of heads for the columns of a table.

<coltitle>  *      Title of a column in a table.

<comm>      *      Comment -- differs from <note> in being in-line with 
                     the definition paragraph.  Provides a little
                     additional information.

<company>   *      Name of a company (commercial firm).  Compare <org>

<compof>  italic    Composed of.  Tags a substance of which the 
                      headword is at least partly composed.  The
                      substance may be particulate, such as
                      diatoms composing diatomaceous earth.

<contains>  *       marks an object contained within the headword.

<contr>   italic    Contrasting word.  Not exactly an antonym, which
                      is marked <ant>, but a contrasting word which is
                      often introduced as "opposite to" or "contrasts
                      with".

<country>  *       Name of a country (nation) of the world.

<cref>  italic     Collocation reference.  A reference to a collocation.
                        Each such collocation should have its own entry,
                        marked by <col> ... </col> tags, and these
                        references should function as hypertext buttons
                        to access that entry.

<date>      *        A Date, of any type, e.g. <date>Dec. 25</date>.

<datey>     *        Date-with-year tags a date containing a year.

<def>       *         definition.  The definition may have subfields,
                            particularly <as> (an illustrative phrase
                            starting with "as" or "thus" and containing
                            the headword (or a morphological derivative).
                            The <mark>, \'bd...\'b8 quotations (left and
                            right double quotes) and <au> fields may be
                            found within a definition field, but should
                            and usually are located outside the definition
                            proper.  The marking macro was
                            inconsistent in this placement, and the
                            exclusion of the <mark>, <au> and quotations
                            needs to be completed by the proof-readers.
                                 Certain definitions contain <pos>
                           fields within them, where the headword is
                           an irregular derivative of another headword.
                           In these cases, the <pos> field follows
                           immediately after the <def> tag, and these
                           entries do not have a separate <pos> field.
                           In such cases, the <pos> field is italic, as
                           usual.

<divof>        *     Division of the headword, usually an organization.
                     E. g. a faculty or department of a university,
                     or a United Nations agency.

<edi>       *        Marks an education institution, a subtype of
                           organization.

<emits>     *      tags a physical object or form of radiation
                       emitted by the headword

<figure>    Just a place-holder for illustrations, but seldom used.

<film>    italic      Marks the name of a movie film.

<fld>     italic         Field of specialization.  Most often used for
                           Zoology and Botany, but many "fields of
                           specialization" are marked for technical
                           terms.  The parentheses are usually within this
                           field, but are not themselves in italics.

<geog>  *       Name of a geograpahical region of any size;
                    if applicable, the more specific <city>,
                    <state>, or <country> are preferred.

<hypen>     *          Hyperym.  Points to the hypernym from WordNet 1.5
                          Initially, used only for entries extracted
                          from WordNet 1.5.  Not present in the original
                          1913 version.
                                           
<illu>     *  Illustrative usage -- mostly from WordNet, and placed
               outside the definition, in contrast to <as> usage.
              These should be converted to <as>...</as> illustrative
              usage format for consistency.

<illust>   *  Illustration place-holder.  Seldom used.
<img>      *  HTML usage -- points to an image file, usually
               .gif or .jpg.  These have no closing tag, and 
               will appear as errors in parsing.
<intensi>  *   Points to a word whose meaning is an intensified 
                  form of the headword. Taken from WordNet
                  tags, used with some adjectives from WordNet
<item>     *  Designates one item in a row of a table.  Used only when
               intervening spaces do not serve properly as natural
               field separaters.
<itran>  italic  Translation into a foreign (non-English) language 
                   of the previous word in the text -- italic font.
                   (<sig> is a translation into English)
<itrans>  italic  Same as <itran>
<jour>     *    Title of a journal (periodical).
<matrix>   *    Always a filled rectangular array.
<matrix2x5> *   A 2x5 matrix (2 rows by 5 columns).
<mstypec>  *    Multiple synonymous subtypes -- used in 
                  def. of "grass".
<mtable>   *    Multiple table, encloses <table> figures.
<musfig>   *    Music figure.  Only in a note under the entry "Figure", 
                the two numbers of each such field
                are bold, 20 point type, stacked as in a fraction with
                a bar between them, but also having a horizontal stroke  
                midway through each numeral. Unique to this entry.
<p>        *   paragraph tag, used always in pairs.  Line breaks may
                  be embedded inside the paragraphs.
<person>  *    marks the proper name of a person.  Used only
                   occasionally, but should be used more frequently
                   for cases where first names are abbreviated,
                   to reduce ambiguity of the period for automatic
                   analysis.  Where a title is given, prefixed 
                   or postfixed, it is included in this tag.

<persfn>  *     marks the name of a person, when only one name
                   (usually the last name) is given.  Not used
                   consistently where it should be.

<publ>    *    Marks the name of a publication other than book, 
                  which is marked by <booki>.  It is often a
                  magazine or journal.
<qpers>   *    Tags the name of a person who is speaking, 
                  within a quotation.
<qperson>      Same as <qpers>
<cp>      *    Collocation, plain text -- used to tag phrases that
                  should be parsed as a unit, but has no typographical
                  significance.
<qau>    italic  Always right-justified, as described for <au>.
<ref>     *     A reference to a word in the vocabulary.
<refs>    *     Marks the set of references used for a longer article
                  such as a biography.
<river>   *     Marks the name of a river -- a proper name
<rj>      *     Right justified
<row>     *     Designates a row in a table.
<state>   *    Name of a geopolitical state, the first subdivision of
                 a country. Includes, e.g. Canadian provinces.
<subtypes> *   Lists subtypes of the headword.
<sup>     *    superscript
<supr>    *    Supra.  The two parts of each such field
                 are stacked, one over the other, *without* a
                 horizontal bar between (as in a fraction).
                 Used only in one entry, for a musical notation.
<table>   *   Always a filled rectangular array, having <row> and <item>
                  elements.
<td>      *   Table datum - one cell in a table
<th>      *   Table header
<tradename> *  Tags a commercial Trade name
<ttitle>   *   Table title (Larger than normal font)
====================================================================

Functional Tags
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag        Font                        Meaning
                      (Comparatives are relative to the plain font.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<--    -->   *    Comment, not a tag.  These segments should be deleted
                     from the written or printed text.
                  Page numbers of the original text are indicated
                     within such comments;  these may be left in, if
                      desired.

<!   !>      *    HTML-style comment.  Used to indicate page numbers 
                     in the public domain version.

<adjf>   small caps     Tags for the actual adjective or adverb
                            comparatives or superlatives.  Should be
                            indexed. See also conjf (verbs) and
                            decf (nouns).

<altname>  italic        Alternative name.  Usually for plants or animals,
                           but also used for other cases where words
                           are introduced by "also called", "called also",
                           "formerly called".  These are functionally
                           *synonyms* for that word-sense.

<altnpluf> italic        Same as <altname>, but the marked word is a
                            plural form, whereas the headword is singular.

<amorph>      *         Adjective morphological segment, primarily
                           the comparative and superlative forms.
                           The occasional adverb morphology is
                           also tagged this way.

<as>        *           A segment occurring within the definitional
                          sentence, providing an example of usage of
                          the headword.  Not conceptually a part of the
                          actual definition.

<cd>   smaller spacing  Collocation definition.  Similar in structure
                           to headword definitions (the <def> field).  May
                           contain an <as> field.  Plain type, but with
                           closer spacing than main definitions.

<col>    bold,            Collocation.  A word combination containing the
         smaller by           headword (or a morphological derivative).
         1 point              The collocations do not have an explicitly
                              marked part of speech.
                          See also <ecol>, tagging embedded collocations.

<colp>                   Collocation, no typographic significance.
                             Used to mark a word combination defined in
                             the dictionary without affect on font.

<conjf>   small caps    The conjugated (non-infinitive) forms of 
                           verbs.  imp. & p. p. is common, as well as
                           p. pr. & vb. n.   Irregular variants of
                           these are less common.  Words in this
                           field perhaps should be indexed.

<cs>   smaller          Collocation segment. The font and size is
       vertical            normal in a cs, but the spacing between lines
       spacing             is smaller (0.9 mm between lower-case letters,
                           rather than 1.1 mm in the main body of the
                           definition).  For an on-line dictionary,
                           reproducing this typography is probably
                           pointless.

<decf>    small caps    The actual morphological variants of nouns or
                            pronouns.  Should be indexed.

<ecol>       *           Embedded Collocation.  A word combination
                           containing the headword (or a morphological
                           derivative, embedded within a definition 
                           without a separate definitin of its own.
                           These collocations should be defined
                           implicitly by the text of the definition in
                           which they are embedded.
                         See also <col>, tagging explicitly defined
                            collocations.
<er>      Small Caps     Entry reference.  References to headwords
                           within the "etymology" section are in small
                           caps.  Such references also occur
                           in the body of definitions, and in "usage"
                           segments.
                        Such entry references should function as hypertext
                           buttons to access that entry.

<ety>        *           Etymology.  Always contained within square
                           brackets.  Normal type is used for explanatory
                           comments, and italics for the actual words
                           (marked <ets>) considered as etymological
                           sources.

<ets>      italic        Etymological source.  Words from which the
                           headword was derived, or to which it is related.
                           The Greek words within an etymology segment
                           are invariably etymology sources, and should
                           be