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diff --git a/webfont.txt b/webfont.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..591e980 --- /dev/null +++ b/webfont.txt @@ -0,0 +1,604 @@ + WEBSTER FONTS + ============= + + Fonts for the Webster 1913 Dictionary. + For version 0.50 + Last edit May 5, 2001 + ______________________________________ + (This file contains some extended ASCII characters, and should be +transmitted in binary mode) +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + + This file describes a modified font for use in visualizing the +text of the 1913 "Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary" (W1913), +usable for the DOS operating system of IBM-compatible personal computers. +The electronic version of that dictionary and this font were prepared by +MICRA, Inc., Plainfield NJ, and are copyrighted (C) 1996 by MICRA, Inc. +For details of permissions and restrictions on using these files, see +the accompanying file "readme.web". + The special characters used in the electronic version of the Webster +1913 are required for visualizing unusual characters used in the +etymology and pronunciation fields of the dictionary, in a form +comparable to the way they appear in the original. Since there are +more than 256 characters used in that dictionary, not all can be +represented by single-byte codes, and are instead represented by +SGML-style "short-form" symbols. (rather than the "entity" format +"&xx;" The ampersand is used frequently, and we prefer to leave +the "<" as the only "escape" character) of the type <x/ where x +is a specific code for the symbol in the dictionary. +See the "Short Form" section below for details about such characters. +Note that the symbols used here are in some cases abbreviations +(for compactness) of the ISO 8879 recommended symbols. If necessary, +the table below allows simple replacement by alternate encodings. + This symbol font can be loaded in IBM-compatible (x86) computers +running the DOS operating system by using the "font.bat" command file +in the "utils" directory. The fonts files for 8x14 and 8x16 fonts are +"web14.fnt" and "web16.fnt" respectively. + For those loading the Webster onto some machine other than an +IBM-compatible running DOS, it will be necessary to provide a +translation table, to convert these characters into a code that +can be handled by that computer. For this reason, I attach an +"explanation" for each character, for those who cannot view +the original DOS font. + The DOS-loadable font does not contain all of the characters needed +to depict the etymologies or the pronunciations. In addition to an +absence of several characters used in the pronunciations, no Greek letters are +included. The Greek words appearing in the etymologies, +when they are included, will be typed in a +roman-letter transcription (See section on Greek transcription, below). +Only a very few Greek words have been thus transcribed as of the +present version (version 0.41). + Wherever the typists did not know the character to use, they +usually inserted a reverse-video question mark (decimal 176). +This appears in full-ASCII versions as <?/. This mark was used both for +characters in non-ASCII fonts, and for unreadable characters (i.e., +characters smeared in the original or distorted in the copies available +to the typists. The type in the original was in many places smeared and +illegible at the left and right page margins; occasionally, small +parts of words were blotted out by plain white space). + A character table for the high-order characters appears below. +Under that is a list and description of most of the special characters +used in the Webster files. + Note that there are yet some characters used in the etymologies, +and some other symbols, which are not in this list. For example, the +vowels with a double dot *underneath*, e.g. a (as in all) have no representation +in this character set, and, where explicitly entered in the dictionary, +are represented by <xdd/ where "x" is the letter, as in "<add/". + +ITALICS +------- + In most places, italic font is represented by the tags <it>...</it> +surrounding the italic text, or by some other tag which also implies +italic font. In the pronunciations, however, where italicized vowels +are used among non-italic and other special characters to indicate +pronunciation, the special codes <ait/, <eit/, <iit/, <oit/, <uit/, +are also used to indicate the italicized vowel. + +DIACRITICS +------------- + The European grave and acute accents are represented by the +standard (IBM PC) high-order codes. Other characters with diacritics +are represented by special "entity" codes, and in some cases also +are found in this special WEB1913 font, described below. + Vowels with a circle above (as in Swedish) are coded <xring/ +(x with a ring, or "degrees" mark over it); vowels with tilde over them +are represented by <xtil/, where "x" is the vowel, as in <etil/ (<atil/ +also has code 238); letters with a dot above are represented by <xdot/ +-- letter with a dot below are represented by <xsdot/ ("subdot"); +vowels with the semi-long mark (a macron with a short perpendicular +vertical stroke attached above) are represented by <xsl/; the +circumflex vowels have codes on this list, but may also be represented +as <xcir/; vowels with macrons above are <xmac/ (including <oomac/, +the "oo" with an unbroken macron above the two letters, <aemac/ = the +ligature ae with a macron [also 214 = \'d6], and <oemac/ the ligature +oe with a macron [also 215 = \'d7]); vowels with umlauts or a crescent +(breve) above have codes in this list, but may also be represented by +<xum/ and <xcr/ respectively. There is an occasional hacek or caron mark +(an inverted circumflex) in the original; such letters are coded <xcar/. +The o with a caron has code 213, but no others are in this font list. +The diaeresis is treated typographically as identical to the umlaut. + A special modification, used only for poetry (see entry "saturnian verse" +under "saturnian") is a vowel with a macron, in which the macron is lighter +than the usual macron, signifying a stressed syllable which has a short +vowel sound. This is represented by <xsmac/ ("short mac"). + Another special character used in pronunciations is an "n" with an underline (like +a macron, but below the letter), used to represent the "ng" sound. This is coded +<nsm/ ("n sub-macron"). The ligated th used in pronunciations to depict the +"th" sound of "the" is coded as <th/. + NOTE: the letter combinations "fi" and "fl" are invariably printed as the +ligatures fi and fl, but these ligatures are not marked as such +in this transcription, and the two letters are left as individuals. + +SPECIAL SYMBOLS + The dagger <dag/, double dagger <ddag/, and paragraph mark <para/ are rarely used. + The double prime, or "seconds" of a degree is sometimes represented by +a double "light accent" (code 183 = \'b7). In other places, and in later +versions, it is represented by <sec/ = hex a9, in the webfont. + The symbols "greater than" <gt/ and "less than" are encountered only +once, but are distinguished from the right- and left-angle brackets +(> and <) because of possible typographical differences in some fonts. + The schwa is symbolized by <schwa/. It is not used in the +pronunciations, but is mentioned as a symbol. + The right-pointing arrow is <rarr/, consistent with ISO 8879. + +---------------------------------- +Table 1 +---------------------------------- +Numbers + Hex codes +1 +11 (12 is a hard page break, 13 CR, 14 sect break) +21 +31 !"# $%&'( +121 yz{|} ~ 79-7d 7e-82 +131 83-87 88-8c +141 8d-91 92-96 +151 97-9b 9c-a0 +161 a1-a5 a6-aa +171 ab-af b0-b4 +181 b5-b9 ba-be +191 bf-c3 c4-c8 +201 c9-cd ce-d2 +211 d3-d7 d8-dc +221 dd-e1 e2-e6 +231 e7-eb ec-f0 +241 f1-f5 f6-fa +251 fb-ff + +=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- +Below is a complete list of the symbols used in the Webster ("webfont") +which are encoded in the special font listed above, together with +corresponding symbols in ISO 8879 and Tex coding. Much of this table was +prepared by Rik Faith, to whom we express our appreciation. + The "nearest ASCII" equivalents are given for those who want to +display the data as best one can in 7-bit simple ASCII symbols without +using the "entity" symbols. +========================================================================= +---------------------------------- +Table 2 +---------------------------------- + +Comments: + (1) The symbol in the "entity" column is the SGML-like symbol used in + the present Webster files; the symbol in the "ISO 8879" column is + the symbol for the same character given in "The user's guide to + ISO 8879" by Smith and Stutely. + (2) An asterisk "*" in the "entity" column means that this symbol and +code value is not used in any form in the Webster 1913 electronic version. + (3) If no asterisk is in the "entity" column, and no other symbol is +there, this means that in the Webster, only the hexadecimal representation +was used (e.g. for \'d8, \'bd, and \'b8). + (4) \'b6 and \'b7, the heavy and light "accents", are never above a +letter (these are not diacritical marks), but in-between letters, as the +stress accent used in the headwords and pronunciations. The accent +*follows* the syllable accented. The light accent \'b7 is also used as +the "prime" in mathematical expressions (e.g. a\'b7 = "a prime"), or as + "minutes" in degrees-minutes-seconds, and when doubled (\'b7\'b7) +serves as "double prime" in mathematical expressions, and as "seconds" +in degrees-minutes-seconds. The character \'a9 (<sec/ or ″) is +also used to represent the double prime. + (5) Although the semilong vowels are in the table (e.g. the "asl" += "a semilong", most of the entries in the ASCII version dictionary +use the <xsl/ symbol coding. If you know of any printers' names for +these, do let me know. + (6) For some reason, the a breve and u breve have ISO codes (in the +Latin-2 table), but the other vowels don't, in the Smith & Stutely book. +Is this a mistake? + (7) The symbol <nsc/ is used for "N small capitals", used in +pronunciations to represent the soun fo the nasal N in French words. + (8) A weak accent (when not in pronunciations) is symbolized by <prime/, the "minutes" (of a degree) symbol. A strong accent is symbolized by <bprime/ ("bold prime", not an ISO entity). + (9) If you find any exceptions to these usage assertions, please +let me know. +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + webfont ISO 8879 latin1/ascii TeX nearest description +------------------ ASCII +oct dec hex entity oct dec hex +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +025 21 15 * \S * section symbol + +074 60 3c lt 074 60 3c $<$ < less than +076 62 3e gt 076 62 3e $>$ > greater than + +200 128 80 <Cced/ Ccedil 307 199 c7 \c{C} C C cedilla +201 129 81 <uum/ uuml 374 252 fc \"u ue u umlaut (diaeresis) +202 130 82 <eacute/ eacute 351 233 e9 \'e e e acute +203 131 83 <acir/ acirc 342 226 e2 \^a a a circumflex +204 132 84 <aum/ auml 344 228 e4 \"a ae a umlaut (diaeresis) +205 133 85 <agrave/ agrave 340 224 e0 \`a a a grave +206 134 86 <aring/ aring 345 229 e5 \aa a a ring above +207 135 87 <cced/ ccedil 347 231 e7 \c{c} c c cedilla +210 136 88 <ecir/ ecirc 352 234 ea \^e e e circumflex +211 137 89 <eum/ euml 353 235 eb \"e e e umlaut (diaeresis) +212 138 8a <egrave/ egrave 350 232 e8 \`e e e grave +213 139 8b <ium/ iuml 357 239 ef \"i i i umlaut (diaeresis) +214 140 8c <icir/ icirc 356 238 ee \^i i i circumflex +215 141 8d <igrave/ igrave 354 236 ec \`i i i grave +216 142 8e <Aum/ Auml A A umlaut +217 143 8f Aring A A ring above + +220 144 90 <Eacute/ Eacute 311 201 c9 \'E e E acute +221 145 91 <ae/ aelig 346 230 e6 \ae ae ligature ae +222 146 92 <AE/ AElig 306 198 c6 \AE AE ligature AE +223 147 93 <ocir/ ocirc 364 244 f4 \^o o o circumflex +224 148 94 <oum/ ouml 366 246 f6 \"o oe o umlaut (diaeresis) +225 149 95 <ograve/ ograve 362 242 f2 \`o o o grave +226 150 96 <ucir/ ucirc 373 251 fb \^u u u circumflex +227 151 97 <ugrave/ ugrave 371 249 f9 \`u u u grave +230 152 98 <yum/ yuml y y umlaut +231 153 99 <Oum/ Ouml O O umlaut +232 154 9a <Uum/ Uuml 334 220 dc \"U U U umlaut (diaeresis) +233 155 9b +234 156 9c <pound/ pound 243 163 a3 \pounds * pound sign (British) +235 157 9d * +236 158 9e * +237 159 9f * +240 160 a0 <aacute/ aacute 341 225 e1 \'a a a acute +241 161 a1 <iacute/ iacute 355 237 ed \'i i i acute +242 162 a2 <oacute/ oacute 363 243 f3 \'o o o acute +243 163 a3 <uacute/ uacute 372 250 fa \'u u u acute +244 164 a4 <ntil/ ntilde 361 241 f1 \~n ny n tilde +245 165 a5 <Ntil/ Ntilde NY N tilde +246 166 a6 <frac23/ $\frac{2}{3}$ 2/3 two-thirds +247 167 a7 <frac13/ $\frac{1}{3}$ 1/3 one-third +250 168 a8 * +251 169 a9 <sec/ Prime seconds (of degree or time) + Also, inches or double prime +252 170 aa * +253 171 ab <frac12/ 275 189 bd $\frac{1}{2}$ 1/2 one-half +254 172 ac <frac14/ 274 188 bc $\frac{1}{4}$ 1/4 one-quarter +255 173 ad * +256 174 ae * +257 175 af * +260 176 b0 <?/ (?) Place-holder + for unknown or illegible character. +261 177 b1 * +262 178 b2 * +263 179 b3 * +264 180 b4 * $\updownarrow$ * verticle arrow +265 181 b5 <hand/ * pointing hand + (printer's "fist") +266 182 b6 <bprime/ \"{} '' bold accent + (used in pronunciations) +267 183 b7 <prime/ prime 264 180 b4 \'{} ' light accent + (used in pronunciations) + also minutes (of arc or time) +270 184 b8 <rdquo/ rdquo '' " close double quote +271 185 b9 * +272 186 ba * $\parallel$ || verticle double bar (l) +273 187 bb * +274 188 bc <sect/ sect \S * section mark +275 189 bd <ldquo/ ldquo `` " open double quotes +276 190 be <amac/ amacr \=a a a macron +277 191 bf <lsquo/ lsquo ` ` left single quote + +300 192 c0 <nsm/ ng "n sub-macron" +301 193 c1 <sharp/ sharp $\sharp$ # musical sharp +302 194 c2 <flat/ flat $\flat$ * musical flat +303 195 c3 * -- -- long dash (en-dash? ) +304 196 c4 * $-$ - horizontal line +305 197 c5 <th/ (part 1) first part of th ligature + see 231 = e7 for part 2 +306 198 c6 <imac/ imacr \=i i i macron +307 199 c7 <emac/ emacr \=e e e macron +310 200 c8 <dsdot/ d Sanskrit/Tamil d dot +311 201 c9 <nsdot/ n Sanskrit/Tamil n dot +312 202 ca <tsdot/ t Sanskrit/Tamil t dot +313 203 cb <ecr/ \u{e} e e breve +314 204 cc <icr/ \u{i} i i breve +315 205 cd * +316 206 ce <ocr/ \u{o} o o breve +317 207 cf - -- - short dash + +320 208 d0 -- mdash --- -- long (em) dash +321 209 d1 <OE/ OElig \OE OE OE ligature +322 210 d2 <oe/ oelig \oe oe oe ligature +323 211 d3 <omac/ omacr \=o o o macron +324 212 d4 <umac/ umacr \=u u u macron +325 213 d5 <ocar/ \v{o} o o hacek +326 214 d6 <aemac/ \=\ae ae ae ligature macron +327 215 d7 <oemac/ \=\oe oe oe ligature macron +330 216 d8 par $\parallel$ || double vertical + bar(s) +331 217 d9 * +332 218 da * +333 219 db * +334 220 dc <ucr/ ubreve \u{u} u u breve +335 221 dd <acr/ abreve \u{a} a a breve +336 222 de <cre/ ssmile \u{} ~ crescent + (like a breve, but vertically centered -- + represents the short accent in poetic meter) +337 223 df <ymac/ \=y y y macron + +340 224 e0 <asl/ a a "semilong" + (has a macron above with a short vertical + bar on top the center of the macron) + Used in pronunciations. +341 225 e1 <esl/ e "semilong" +342 226 e2 <isl/ i "semilong" +343 227 e3 <osl/ o "semilong" +344 228 e4 <usl/ u "semilong" +345 229 e5 <adot/ a a with dot above +346 230 e6 * mu small Greek mu +347 231 e7 <th/ (part 2) second part of th ligature + see 197 = c5 for part 1 +350 232 e8 * +351 233 e9 * +352 234 ea * +353 235 eb <edh/ edh 360 240 f0 th small eth +354 236 ec * +355 237 ed <thorn/ thorn 376 254 fe th small thorn +356 238 ee <atil/ atilde \~a a a tilde +357 239 ef <ndot/ n n with dot above + +360 240 f0 <rsdot/ \d{r} r r with a dot below +361 241 f1 * +362 242 f2 * +363 243 f3 * +364 244 f4 <yogh/ y small yogh +365 245 f5 <mdash/ mdash --- -- em dash +366 246 f6 <divide/ divide 367 247 f7 $\div$ / division sign +367 247 f7 ap $\approx$ ~= "double tilde" +370 248 f8 <deg/ deg 260 176 b0 ${}^\circ$ * degree sign +371 249 f9 <middot/ $\bullet$ * bold middle dot +372 250 fa * 267 183 b7 $\cdot$ * light middle dot +373 251 fb <root/ radic $\surd$ * root sign +374 252 fc * +375 253 fd * +376 254 fe * +377 255 ff * + + ---------------------------------- +Table 3 +---------------------------------- + +==================================================================== +The table below gives some additional information about some of the +more commonly used entities +------------------------------------------------------------------- +Frequently used: +decimal hex char definition + 21 section symbol -- another section also at 197 + (so that 21 can be used as a normal control + character) + 126 ~ used by typists as a place-holder in word + combinations where an uncapitalized headword + should be. + 128 80 <Cced/ c cedilla (uppercase) + 129 81 <uum/ u umlaut + 130 82 e acute + 131 83 a circumflex + 132 84 <aum/ a umlaut + 133 85 a grave + 134 86 <aring/ a with "ring" (circle) above (Swedish!) + 135 87 <cced/ c cedilla + 136 - 144 standard European set for IBM + 136 88 <ecir/ e circumflex + 137 89 <eum/ e umlaut (or e with dieresis above) + 138 8a e grave + 145 91 <ae/ = "ae" fused ligature + 146 92 <AE/ = upper-case "ae" fused ligature + 147 93 <ocir/ o circumflex + 148 94 <oum/ o "umlaut", used mostly in "coperation, + Zol." and in pronunciations + 164 a4 <ntil/ Spanish "enye" + 166 a6 <frac23/ two-thirds (fraction) + 167 a7 <frac13/ one-third (fraction) + 169 a9 <sec/ seconds of degree or time, or double-prime + 171 ab <frac12/ one-half, as in the original IBM set + 172 ac <frac14/ one-fourth (fraction) + 176 b0 <?/ = (reverse-video question mark), used + to represent an uncodable or illegible character + 180 b4 long verticle double-headed arrow (a reference mark) + 181 b5 <hand/ = (the typographer's "fist") + Appearing as a "pointing hand" character + (for explanatory notes) + 182 b6 bold accent in headwords + replaced in full ASCII version by double quote = " + 183 b7 light accent in headwords + replaced within headwords in the full ASCII version + by an open-single-quote (` = ASCII 96, not the same + as 191, \'bf). This mark is used also + for minutes of a degree, and for "prime" + to modify variables in mathematical expressions. + -- two of these in sequence represent seconds + of a degree, or double prime. The seconds + symbol is also represented by <sec/ (hex a9). + 184 b8 close double quotes (used with 189 [= \'bd], open quote) + 186 ba verticle double bar - represents the symbol used + in the printed dictionary before a headword to + signify that the word was adopted without + anglicization from a foreign language + but in the full-ASCII version this function + uses \'d8 -- see 216 + 188 bc <sect/ section mark + - alternate to 21 (a control character) + 189 bd open double quotes (used with 184, close quote) + 190 be <amac/ a macron + 191 bf <lsquo/ "left single quote" + single open quote mark (not same as ASCII 96) + 192 c0 <nsm/ "n sub-macron", an n with a macron below -- + represents the "ng" sound in pronunciations + 193 c1 <sharp/ sharp - music notation + 194 c2 <flat/ flat - music notation + 195 c3 long dash, one pixel removed from left + will fuse with left long dash, char 208 + 196 c4 graphic horizontal line + 195+208 combination for a very long dash. In the + original typing, the dash char 208 was used + for both non-breaking hyphen (in hyphenated + words), and for the em-dash used as an + introductory mark for various segments. + The em-dash should be distinguished from + the hyphen, but that conversion hasn't yet + been done. + In the full ASCII version, a double hypen + "--" represent the m-dash + 197 c5 <th/ (part 1) first of a pair of characters + 197+231 = used to represent the th ligature -- + <th/ represents the "th" sound of "mother" + see 231 (e7) for part 2 + 198 c6 <imac/ = i macron + 199 c7 <emac/ = e macron + 200 c8 <dsdot/ Sanskrit/Tamil d with dot underneath + 201 c9 <nsdot/ Sanskrit/Tamil n with dot underneath + 202 ca <tsdot/ Sanskrit/Tamil t with dot underneath + 203 cb <ecr/ = e with crescent (breve) above. Used + - in some etymologies and pronunciation + 204 cc <icr/ = i with crescent (breve) above - used + - in some etymologies and pronunciation + 206 ce <ocr/ = o with crescent (breve) above - used + - in some etymologies and pronunciation + 207 cf short dash, used in hyphenated words, and in + breaking syllables where no accent is used. But + sometimes the typists used the normal hyphen [45], + or the long dash (decimal 208) for that purpose. + The normal hyphen is the same length as the long + dash, but one pixel higher in the character box. + # In headwords, in the full ASCII version, this + short dash is represented by the asterisk "*". + 208 d0 <mdash/ = represents the long dash, used for the em + dash which often precedes certain sections within a + definition, and which separates some sections, + such as wordforms or collocations within a + collocation segment. This is replaced in the + full ASCII version by a double hyphen, "--". + 210 d2 <oe/ = "oe" fused ligature + 211 d3 <omac/ = o macron + 212 d4 <umac/ = u macron + 213 d5 <ocar/ o with caron (hacek) (inverted circumflex) above + 214 d6 <aemac/ = "ae" ligature with a macron + 215 d7 <oemac/ = "oe" ligature with a macron + 216 d8 <par/ double vertical bar (short length; the long + length is the graphics character 186) + This precedes words marked with a double vertical bar in + the original dictionary, signifying that the word was + adopted directly into English without modification of + the spelling. + 220 dc <ucr/ = u with crescent above - used in some etymologies + 221 dd <acr/ = a with crescent above - used in some etymologies + 222 de <cre/ = "crescent", an upward-curving crescent + used as a poetic meter mark + 223 df <ymac/ = y macron (used in Anglo-Saxon?) + 229 e5 <adot/ = a with a dot above (for pronunciations) + 231 e7 <th/ (part 2) second of a two-character combination + 197+231 = used to represent the th ligature in pronunciations + <th/ represents the "th" sound of "mother" + 235 eb <edh/ = Old English and Icelandic "edh", (or "eth") + like a Greek delta with a hatch mark + through the ascender. Used to represent the + Anglo-Saxon/Icelandic/Gothic character, + in etymologies, pronounced like "th" + 237 ed <thorn/ "thorn", an Old English and Icelandic + character, appears like a "p" with an extended + ascender. + Used to represent the + Anglo-Saxon/Icelandic/Gothic character, + in etymologies, pronounced like "th" + in "thorn" and also as in "brother" + 238 ee <atil/ a with tilde above - in some etymologies + 244 f4 <yogh/ like a script "3" or "z". Used in Old English + etymologies, analogous to "y" + 247 f7 double tilde ("approximately equals"). + used by typists as a place-holder in word + combinations where the capitalized headword + should be. + 248 f8 <deg/ degrees (temperature or angle). Note: some + typists used a superscript "o" to signify + degrees. This must be corrected! + 249 f9 middle dot (bold) + 250 fa middle dot (light) + 251 fb <root/ "root" sign used in etymologies, as in original + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +====================================== + Greek transcription +===================================== +Greek letters are represented: + (capitals represent capital letters; lower-case represent lower-case) + #Note that "h" in transliterations is used individually, as eta, and + also in the combination "ch" (chi). Conversions to other codings + must first convert "ch" before converting "h", or at least verify + that an "h" to be converted has no preceding "c". "c" is not + otherwise used, so there is no ambiguity. Also, "ps" always + represents a psi; it could in theory occur as a pi-sigma + combination, but it doesn't. Occasionally, "th" was entered instead + of "q" to represent theta; these should be checked to verify that + they do not represent tau-eta, and converted to "q". + +(1) characters individually: + By the short-form notation <alpha/, <beta/, <gamma/, <lambda/ etc. + Capitalized letters are <ALPHA/, etc. +(2) in words: + By inclusion within the markers <grk></grk>, using the following + roman-letter equivalents for the Greek letters: + Accents: + (a) aspirants -- used in front of the letter modified, which is +usually in *front* of words beginning in vowels. Of two types: + ' (apostrophe) for the left-curving apirant (spiritus lenis) + " (double quote) for the right-curving aspirant (spiritus asper) + (when the aspirant is on a letter inside a word, it is placed + in front of the letter it modifies.) + (the left-curving aspirant is also used over rho, which is + then usually transliterated "rh". The " in such cases is + placed in front of the r (for rho) which it modifies). + (b) normal accent (appearing as an acute accent in the original): + ` (left open quote, ASCII ) -- placed after accented vowel + (b) grave accent (appearing as an grave accent in the original): + ~ (tilde, ASCII ) -- placed after accented vowel. This is + rarely seen, as in <grk>to~ pa^n</grk> at "universe" or + <grk>ta~ gewrgika`</grk> (at "Georgic"). + (c) curving accent (appearing as a rounded circumflex): + ^ (circumflex) -- placed after accented vowel + (d) "iota" subscript (ogonek)-- a comma placed after the vowel + having the subscript + (e) diaeresis: + the double dot found occasionally over the iota is + represented by a colon immediately after the iota, + as the i-diaeresis in <grk>Farisai:ko`s</grk> (at "pharisaic"). + + Where a letter has two accents, both are placed *after* the vowel + Letters with an aspirant and an accent have the + aspirant before the letter, and the accent after it. + ------------------------ + + +The capitalized Greek letters are represented by the capitalized + versions of the letters shown here. +----------------------------------------- + Greek letter transliteration + ------------ --------------- + alpha a + beta b + gamma g + delta d + epsilon e + zeta z + eta h + theta q (th was used in some earier sections, but was + changed due to potential confusion with the + tau+eta combination, as in <grk>lyth`rios</grk> + (at "lyterian") or <grk>poihth`s</grk> + (at "maker") ) + iota i + kappa k + lambda l + mu m + nu n + xi x + omicron o + pi p + rho r + sigma s (end form not distinguished here from middle + form within words, but when isolated, use <sigmat/ + ("terminal sigma") for the end form) + tau t + upsilon y (Used for both "u" and "y" pronunciations) + phi f + chi ch (c is always followed by h, so the h component + is not confusable with eta) + psi ps (theoretically confusable with pi-sigma, but that + combination seems never to occur) + omega w + + (Roman j, v, u are unused) + |