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1 | file PRONUNC.WEB | 1 | file PRONUNC.WEB |
2 | ================ | 2 | ================ |
3 | This file gives a number of examples of pronunciation, | 3 | This file gives a number of examples of pronunciation, |
4 | using the entity symbols representing the pronunciations as | 4 | using the entity symbols representing the pronunciations as |
5 | found in the 1913 Webster unabridged dictionary. Not all | 5 | found in the 1913 Webster unabridged dictionary. Not all |
6 | vowel sounds are given here, but the examples should allow one | 6 | vowel sounds are given here, but the examples should allow one |
7 | to recognize the characters and recall the symbols used to | 7 | to recognize the characters and recall the symbols used to |
8 | represent them. The set of symbols used for pronunciation | 8 | represent them. The set of symbols used for pronunciation |
9 | is different from that used in most modern dictionaries, | 9 | is different from that used in most modern dictionaries, |
10 | but a more worrisome problem is that the pronuncitions themselves | 10 | but a more worrisome problem is that the pronuncitions themselves |
11 | seem in many cases to differ from modern usage. The places of | 11 | seem in many cases to differ from modern usage. The places of |
12 | the strong and weak accent are, however, in every case | 12 | the strong and weak accent are, however, in every case |
13 | examined the same as in modern dictionaries. Anyone who is | 13 | examined the same as in modern dictionaries. Anyone who is |
14 | willing to work at revising the pronunciations to reflect modern | 14 | willing to work at revising the pronunciations to reflect modern |
15 | usage or modern symbols should contact PJC. | 15 | usage or modern symbols should contact PJC. |
16 | 16 | ||
17 | 17 | ||
18 | Pronunciations in the 1913 Webster ASCII version | 18 | Pronunciations in the 1913 Webster ASCII version |
19 | ================================================= | 19 | ================================================= |
20 | 20 | ||
21 | Syllables: | 21 | Syllables: |
22 | ---------------- | 22 | ---------------- |
23 | in pronunciations, the short hyphen used in the printed version as a | 23 | in pronunciations, the short hyphen used in the printed version as a |
24 | syllable-break is represented in the ASCII version by an asterisk (*). | 24 | syllable-break is represented in the ASCII version by an asterisk (*). |
25 | the main (heavy) accent is represented by a double-quote ("). | 25 | the main (heavy) accent is represented by a double-quote ("). |
26 | the secondary (light) accent is represented by a left-single-quote | 26 | the secondary (light) accent is represented by a left-single-quote |
27 | (grave accent) (`) | 27 | (grave accent) (`) |
28 | the hyphen in hyphenated words is represented by the ASCII hypen (-). | 28 | the hyphen in hyphenated words is represented by the ASCII hypen (-). |
29 | where an accent occurs, no other syllable break is used. | 29 | where an accent occurs, no other syllable break is used. |
30 | sometimes a hyphen occurs after an accent. | 30 | sometimes a hyphen occurs after an accent. |
31 | ------------------------------------------------ | 31 | ------------------------------------------------ |
32 | 32 | ||
33 | Consonants: | 33 | Consonants: |
34 | Most consonants have their normal value in the pronunciations, | 34 | Most consonants have their normal value in the pronunciations, |
35 | but there are a few special characters, as the n-submacron and the | 35 | but there are a few special characters, as the n-submacron and the |
36 | "th" ligature. See the end of the "special characters" section. | 36 | "th" ligature. See the end of the "special characters" section. |
37 | 37 | ||
38 | Special characters: | 38 | Special characters: |
39 | -------------------- | 39 | -------------------- |
40 | The special characters are represented by two different sets of | 40 | The special characters are represented by two different sets of |
41 | symbols: (1) the RTF-format hexadecimal codes such as \'94 for | 41 | symbols: (1) the RTF-format hexadecimal codes such as \'94 for |
42 | o-umlaut, meaning that the byte code is hexadecimal 94. These | 42 | o-umlaut, meaning that the byte code is hexadecimal 94. These |
43 | are used only for those symbols which have been designed into a | 43 | are used only for those symbols which have been designed into a |
44 | special font set for this dictionary. The font set can only be used | 44 | special font set for this dictionary. The font set can only be used |
45 | in a DOS system; or | 45 | in a DOS system; or |
46 | (2) an "entity" symbol using "<" and "/" as opening and closing | 46 | (2) an "entity" symbol using "<" and "/" as opening and closing |
47 | delimiters, with a mnemonic string between. In the case of o-umlaut | 47 | delimiters, with a mnemonic string between. In the case of o-umlaut |
48 | the symbol is <oum/. For the vowels, the system is consistent, | 48 | the symbol is <oum/. For the vowels, the system is consistent, |
49 | thus <aum/ is a-umlaut, and <ium/ is i-umlaut, etc. | 49 | thus <aum/ is a-umlaut, and <ium/ is i-umlaut, etc. |
50 | These delimiters are used in preference to the HTML-style | 50 | These delimiters are used in preference to the HTML-style |
51 | (e.g. ä) delimiters because of the heavy use of ampersands in | 51 | (e.g. ä) delimiters because of the heavy use of ampersands in |
52 | the dictionary, to minimize file length. For the same reason, | 52 | the dictionary, to minimize file length. For the same reason, |
53 | the codes within the delimiters are generally shorter than the | 53 | the codes within the delimiters are generally shorter than the |
54 | corresponding ISO 8879 codes ( <aum/ rather than ä ). | 54 | corresponding ISO 8879 codes ( <aum/ rather than ä ). |
55 | For this discussion, I will use the "entity" coding. The | 55 | For this discussion, I will use the "entity" coding. The |
56 | equivalent hexadecimal codes, where they exist, will be found in | 56 | equivalent hexadecimal codes, where they exist, will be found in |
57 | the tables in the file "webfont.asc". | 57 | the tables in the file "webfont.asc". |
58 | 58 | ||
59 | The pronunciation system of the 1913 Webster has three peculiarities | 59 | The pronunciation system of the 1913 Webster has three peculiarities |
60 | relative to systems used in recent dictionaries. | 60 | relative to systems used in recent dictionaries. |
61 | (1) a more complex set of symbols are used. This is evident, for | 61 | (1) a more complex set of symbols are used. This is evident, for |
62 | example, where the long vowels have different symbols whether | 62 | example, where the long vowels have different symbols whether |
63 | they are used in stressed or unstressed syllables. Thus | 63 | they are used in stressed or unstressed syllables. Thus |
64 | long a in "acre" or "chaos"is represented as a-macron (<amac/ in | 64 | long a in "acre" or "chaos"is represented as a-macron (<amac/ in |
65 | our notation). But in "chaotic" or "connate" or "comate" it is | 65 | our notation). But in "chaotic" or "connate" or "comate" it is |
66 | represented as a symbol looking like a-macron, but with a short | 66 | represented as a symbol looking like a-macron, but with a short |
67 | ascender in the middle of the macron above the a. This is denoted | 67 | ascender in the middle of the macron above the a. This is denoted |
68 | <asl/ ("a semilong") in our notation. | 68 | <asl/ ("a semilong") in our notation. |
69 | 69 | ||
70 | Also, some sounds have more than one symbol. Thus, there are several | 70 | Also, some sounds have more than one symbol. Thus, there are several |
71 | symbols using "y" with a diacritical mark above, representing | 71 | symbols using "y" with a diacritical mark above, representing |
72 | identical sounds using "i" or "e", but used in those cases where the | 72 | identical sounds using "i" or "e", but used in those cases where the |
73 | written word has a "y" in it. So words ending in "y" with | 73 | written word has a "y" in it. So words ending in "y" with |
74 | pronunciations like the unaccented long "e" usually have | 74 | pronunciations like the unaccented long "e" usually have |
75 | a y-breve (<ycr/) in the pronunciation. Why? Apparently, | 75 | a y-breve (<ycr/) in the pronunciation. Why? Apparently, |
76 | just to look more like the spelling. In these cases its | 76 | just to look more like the spelling. In these cases its |
77 | meaning is unambuiguous. | 77 | meaning is unambuiguous. |
78 | 78 | ||
79 | (2) The indicated pronunciations themselves are in some cases | 79 | (2) The indicated pronunciations themselves are in some cases |
80 | different from what one would find in a modern dictionary. | 80 | different from what one would find in a modern dictionary. |
81 | In part this is due to differences among orthoepists with | 81 | In part this is due to differences among orthoepists with |
82 | different notions of how a word should sound, and possibly | 82 | different notions of how a word should sound, and possibly |
83 | it is due to differences in the pronunciation between 1890, | 83 | it is due to differences in the pronunciation between 1890, |
84 | when British pronunciations may have had more influence, and | 84 | when British pronunciations may have had more influence, and |
85 | the present. Thus we see that words ending in -"ties", | 85 | the present. Thus we see that words ending in -"ties", |
86 | which are given the pronunciation "-t<icr/z", which sounds | 86 | which are given the pronunciation "-t<icr/z", which sounds |
87 | like "tizz", whereas I have always heard such words pronounced | 87 | like "tizz", whereas I have always heard such words pronounced |
88 | with a long "e", as in "teez" (and most modern dictionaries | 88 | with a long "e", as in "teez" (and most modern dictionaries |
89 | give it the long-e pronunciation. In Webster's 10th collegiate, | 89 | give it the long-e pronunciation. In Webster's 10th collegiate, |
90 | they mention that unstressed long e may be pronounced as i in | 90 | they mention that unstressed long e may be pronounced as i in |
91 | southern British or southern US dialects, and perhaps it | 91 | southern British or southern US dialects, and perhaps it |
92 | was more common in the US in 1890. The <icr/ is an unreliable | 92 | was more common in the US in 1890. The <icr/ is an unreliable |
93 | indicator of modern standard American pronunciation. A long-e | 93 | indicator of modern standard American pronunciation. A long-e |
94 | pronunciation on the antepenult is also sometimes given an | 94 | pronunciation on the antepenult is also sometimes given an |
95 | <icr/ symbol in this dictionary. | 95 | <icr/ symbol in this dictionary. |
96 | 96 | ||
97 | (3) The indefinite value, represented by an upside-down e (called | 97 | (3) The indefinite value, represented by an upside-down e (called |
98 | the "schwa" is not used, the same sound being represented by | 98 | the "schwa" is not used, the same sound being represented by |
99 | symbols like short u <ucr/, or sometimes other vowels. | 99 | symbols like short u <ucr/, or sometimes other vowels. |
100 | 100 | ||
101 | So be warned, the pronunciations may not be quite what one would | 101 | So be warned, the pronunciations may not be quite what one would |
102 | expect. But for the first phase of this effort, we are trying | 102 | expect. But for the first phase of this effort, we are trying |
103 | to reproduce exactly the pronuciations in the original work. | 103 | to reproduce exactly the pronuciations in the original work. |
104 | 104 | ||
105 | Notice that in pronunciations, vowels that are obscured are often | 105 | Notice that in pronunciations, vowels that are obscured are often |
106 | represented by the italicised vowel without any diacritical marks; | 106 | represented by the italicised vowel without any diacritical marks; |
107 | these italicised vowels are represented as either <ait/, <eit/, etc. | 107 | these italicised vowels are represented as either <ait/, <eit/, etc. |
108 | or with an <it> tag, as in m<it>e</it>nt | 108 | or with an <it> tag, as in m<it>e</it>nt |
109 | Thus "Christian" is represented as kr<icr/s"ch<it>a</it>n | 109 | Thus "Christian" is represented as kr<icr/s"ch<it>a</it>n |
110 | communicant is represented as k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt | 110 | communicant is represented as k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt |
111 | 111 | ||
112 | 112 | ||
113 | Some examples of pronunciations follow: | 113 | Some examples of pronunciations follow: |
114 | for further explanations of the entities, see the file "webfont.asc" | 114 | for further explanations of the entities, see the file "webfont.asc" |
115 | ============================================================== | 115 | ============================================================== |
116 | 116 | ||
117 | <amac/ long a (stressed) (a with a macron above it) | 117 | <amac/ long a (stressed) (a with a macron above it) |
118 | late = l<amac/t | 118 | late = l<amac/t |
119 | later = l<amac/t"<etil/r | 119 | later = l<amac/t"<etil/r |
120 | comb-shaped = k<omac/m"-sh<amac/pt` | 120 | comb-shaped = k<omac/m"-sh<amac/pt` |
121 | commemorate = k<ocr/m*m<ecr/m"<osl/*r<amac/t | 121 | commemorate = k<ocr/m*m<ecr/m"<osl/*r<amac/t |
122 | deign = d<amac/n | 122 | deign = d<amac/n |
123 | deflate = d<esl/*fl<amac/t" | 123 | deflate = d<esl/*fl<amac/t" |
124 | defray = d<esl/*fr<amac/" | 124 | defray = d<esl/*fr<amac/" |
125 | defrayal = d<esl/*fr<amac/"<ait/l | 125 | defrayal = d<esl/*fr<amac/"<ait/l |
126 | 126 | ||
127 | 127 | ||
128 | <asl/ long a (unstressed) | 128 | <asl/ long a (unstressed) |
129 | commodate = k<ocr/m"m<osl/*d<asl/t | 129 | commodate = k<ocr/m"m<osl/*d<asl/t |
130 | cometary = k<ocr/m"<ecr/t*<asl/*r<ycr/ | 130 | cometary = k<ocr/m"<ecr/t*<asl/*r<ycr/ |
131 | 131 | ||
132 | <ait/ italic a | 132 | <ait/ italic a |
133 | communicant = k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt | 133 | communicant = k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt |
134 | defeasance = d<esl/*f<emac/"z<ait/ns | 134 | defeasance = d<esl/*f<emac/"z<ait/ns |
135 | commercial = k<ocr/m*m<etil/r"sh<ait/l | 135 | commercial = k<ocr/m*m<etil/r"sh<ait/l |
136 | compass = k<ucr/m"p<ait/s | 136 | compass = k<ucr/m"p<ait/s |
137 | 137 | ||
138 | <acr/ short a (a with a crescent [breve] above it) | 138 | <acr/ short a (a with a crescent [breve] above it) |
139 | adipose = <acr/d"<icr/*p<omac/s | 139 | adipose = <acr/d"<icr/*p<omac/s |
140 |