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1file PRONUNC.WEB 1file PRONUNC.WEB
2================ 2================
3 This file gives a number of examples of pronunciation, 3 This file gives a number of examples of pronunciation,
4using the entity symbols representing the pronunciations as 4using the entity symbols representing the pronunciations as
5found in the 1913 Webster unabridged dictionary. Not all 5found in the 1913 Webster unabridged dictionary. Not all
6vowel sounds are given here, but the examples should allow one 6vowel sounds are given here, but the examples should allow one
7to recognize the characters and recall the symbols used to 7to recognize the characters and recall the symbols used to
8represent them. The set of symbols used for pronunciation 8represent them. The set of symbols used for pronunciation
9is different from that used in most modern dictionaries, 9is different from that used in most modern dictionaries,
10but a more worrisome problem is that the pronuncitions themselves 10but a more worrisome problem is that the pronuncitions themselves
11seem in many cases to differ from modern usage. The places of 11seem in many cases to differ from modern usage. The places of
12the strong and weak accent are, however, in every case 12the strong and weak accent are, however, in every case
13examined the same as in modern dictionaries. Anyone who is 13examined the same as in modern dictionaries. Anyone who is
14willing to work at revising the pronunciations to reflect modern 14willing to work at revising the pronunciations to reflect modern
15usage or modern symbols should contact PJC. 15usage or modern symbols should contact PJC.
16 16
17 17
18 Pronunciations in the 1913 Webster ASCII version 18 Pronunciations in the 1913 Webster ASCII version
19 ================================================= 19 =================================================
20 20
21Syllables: 21Syllables:
22---------------- 22----------------
23 in pronunciations, the short hyphen used in the printed version as a 23 in pronunciations, the short hyphen used in the printed version as a
24syllable-break is represented in the ASCII version by an asterisk (*). 24syllable-break is represented in the ASCII version by an asterisk (*).
25 the main (heavy) accent is represented by a double-quote ("). 25 the main (heavy) accent is represented by a double-quote (").
26 the secondary (light) accent is represented by a left-single-quote 26 the secondary (light) accent is represented by a left-single-quote
27(grave accent) (`) 27(grave accent) (`)
28 the hyphen in hyphenated words is represented by the ASCII hypen (-). 28 the hyphen in hyphenated words is represented by the ASCII hypen (-).
29 where an accent occurs, no other syllable break is used. 29 where an accent occurs, no other syllable break is used.
30 sometimes a hyphen occurs after an accent. 30 sometimes a hyphen occurs after an accent.
31 ------------------------------------------------ 31 ------------------------------------------------
32 32
33Consonants: 33Consonants:
34 Most consonants have their normal value in the pronunciations, 34 Most consonants have their normal value in the pronunciations,
35but there are a few special characters, as the n-submacron and the 35but there are a few special characters, as the n-submacron and the
36"th" ligature. See the end of the "special characters" section. 36"th" ligature. See the end of the "special characters" section.
37 37
38Special characters: 38Special characters:
39-------------------- 39--------------------
40 The special characters are represented by two different sets of 40 The special characters are represented by two different sets of
41symbols: (1) the RTF-format hexadecimal codes such as \'94 for 41symbols: (1) the RTF-format hexadecimal codes such as \'94 for
42o-umlaut, meaning that the byte code is hexadecimal 94. These 42o-umlaut, meaning that the byte code is hexadecimal 94. These
43are used only for those symbols which have been designed into a 43are used only for those symbols which have been designed into a
44special font set for this dictionary. The font set can only be used 44special font set for this dictionary. The font set can only be used
45in a DOS system; or 45in a DOS system; or
46(2) an "entity" symbol using "<" and "/" as opening and closing 46(2) an "entity" symbol using "<" and "/" as opening and closing
47delimiters, with a mnemonic string between. In the case of o-umlaut 47delimiters, with a mnemonic string between. In the case of o-umlaut
48the symbol is <oum/. For the vowels, the system is consistent, 48the symbol is <oum/. For the vowels, the system is consistent,
49thus <aum/ is a-umlaut, and <ium/ is i-umlaut, etc. 49thus <aum/ is a-umlaut, and <ium/ is i-umlaut, etc.
50 These delimiters are used in preference to the HTML-style 50 These delimiters are used in preference to the HTML-style
51(e.g. &auml;) delimiters because of the heavy use of ampersands in 51(e.g. &auml;) delimiters because of the heavy use of ampersands in
52the dictionary, to minimize file length. For the same reason, 52the dictionary, to minimize file length. For the same reason,
53the codes within the delimiters are generally shorter than the 53the codes within the delimiters are generally shorter than the
54corresponding ISO 8879 codes ( <aum/ rather than &auml; ). 54corresponding ISO 8879 codes ( <aum/ rather than &auml; ).
55 For this discussion, I will use the "entity" coding. The 55 For this discussion, I will use the "entity" coding. The
56equivalent hexadecimal codes, where they exist, will be found in 56equivalent hexadecimal codes, where they exist, will be found in
57the tables in the file "webfont.asc". 57the tables in the file "webfont.asc".
58 58
59 The pronunciation system of the 1913 Webster has three peculiarities 59 The pronunciation system of the 1913 Webster has three peculiarities
60relative to systems used in recent dictionaries. 60relative to systems used in recent dictionaries.
61(1) a more complex set of symbols are used. This is evident, for 61(1) a more complex set of symbols are used. This is evident, for
62 example, where the long vowels have different symbols whether 62 example, where the long vowels have different symbols whether
63 they are used in stressed or unstressed syllables. Thus 63 they are used in stressed or unstressed syllables. Thus
64 long a in "acre" or "chaos"is represented as a-macron (<amac/ in 64 long a in "acre" or "chaos"is represented as a-macron (<amac/ in
65 our notation). But in "chaotic" or "connate" or "comate" it is 65 our notation). But in "chaotic" or "connate" or "comate" it is
66 represented as a symbol looking like a-macron, but with a short 66 represented as a symbol looking like a-macron, but with a short
67 ascender in the middle of the macron above the a. This is denoted 67 ascender in the middle of the macron above the a. This is denoted
68 <asl/ ("a semilong") in our notation. 68 <asl/ ("a semilong") in our notation.
69 69
70 Also, some sounds have more than one symbol. Thus, there are several 70 Also, some sounds have more than one symbol. Thus, there are several
71 symbols using "y" with a diacritical mark above, representing 71 symbols using "y" with a diacritical mark above, representing
72 identical sounds using "i" or "e", but used in those cases where the 72 identical sounds using "i" or "e", but used in those cases where the
73 written word has a "y" in it. So words ending in "y" with 73 written word has a "y" in it. So words ending in "y" with
74 pronunciations like the unaccented long "e" usually have 74 pronunciations like the unaccented long "e" usually have
75 a y-breve (<ycr/) in the pronunciation. Why? Apparently, 75 a y-breve (<ycr/) in the pronunciation. Why? Apparently,
76 just to look more like the spelling. In these cases its 76 just to look more like the spelling. In these cases its
77 meaning is unambuiguous. 77 meaning is unambuiguous.
78 78
79(2) The indicated pronunciations themselves are in some cases 79(2) The indicated pronunciations themselves are in some cases
80 different from what one would find in a modern dictionary. 80 different from what one would find in a modern dictionary.
81 In part this is due to differences among orthoepists with 81 In part this is due to differences among orthoepists with
82 different notions of how a word should sound, and possibly 82 different notions of how a word should sound, and possibly
83 it is due to differences in the pronunciation between 1890, 83 it is due to differences in the pronunciation between 1890,
84 when British pronunciations may have had more influence, and 84 when British pronunciations may have had more influence, and
85 the present. Thus we see that words ending in -"ties", 85 the present. Thus we see that words ending in -"ties",
86 which are given the pronunciation "-t<icr/z", which sounds 86 which are given the pronunciation "-t<icr/z", which sounds
87 like "tizz", whereas I have always heard such words pronounced 87 like "tizz", whereas I have always heard such words pronounced
88 with a long "e", as in "teez" (and most modern dictionaries 88 with a long "e", as in "teez" (and most modern dictionaries
89 give it the long-e pronunciation. In Webster's 10th collegiate, 89 give it the long-e pronunciation. In Webster's 10th collegiate,
90 they mention that unstressed long e may be pronounced as i in 90 they mention that unstressed long e may be pronounced as i in
91 southern British or southern US dialects, and perhaps it 91 southern British or southern US dialects, and perhaps it
92 was more common in the US in 1890. The <icr/ is an unreliable 92 was more common in the US in 1890. The <icr/ is an unreliable
93 indicator of modern standard American pronunciation. A long-e 93 indicator of modern standard American pronunciation. A long-e
94 pronunciation on the antepenult is also sometimes given an 94 pronunciation on the antepenult is also sometimes given an
95 <icr/ symbol in this dictionary. 95 <icr/ symbol in this dictionary.
96 96
97(3) The indefinite value, represented by an upside-down e (called 97(3) The indefinite value, represented by an upside-down e (called
98 the "schwa" is not used, the same sound being represented by 98 the "schwa" is not used, the same sound being represented by
99 symbols like short u <ucr/, or sometimes other vowels. 99 symbols like short u <ucr/, or sometimes other vowels.
100 100
101 So be warned, the pronunciations may not be quite what one would 101 So be warned, the pronunciations may not be quite what one would
102 expect. But for the first phase of this effort, we are trying 102 expect. But for the first phase of this effort, we are trying
103 to reproduce exactly the pronuciations in the original work. 103 to reproduce exactly the pronuciations in the original work.
104 104
105 Notice that in pronunciations, vowels that are obscured are often 105 Notice that in pronunciations, vowels that are obscured are often
106 represented by the italicised vowel without any diacritical marks; 106 represented by the italicised vowel without any diacritical marks;
107 these italicised vowels are represented as either <ait/, <eit/, etc. 107 these italicised vowels are represented as either <ait/, <eit/, etc.
108 or with an <it> tag, as in m<it>e</it>nt 108 or with an <it> tag, as in m<it>e</it>nt
109 Thus "Christian" is represented as kr<icr/s"ch<it>a</it>n 109 Thus "Christian" is represented as kr<icr/s"ch<it>a</it>n
110 communicant is represented as k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt 110 communicant is represented as k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt
111 111
112 112
113 Some examples of pronunciations follow: 113 Some examples of pronunciations follow:
114 for further explanations of the entities, see the file "webfont.asc" 114 for further explanations of the entities, see the file "webfont.asc"
115 ============================================================== 115 ==============================================================
116 116
117 <amac/ long a (stressed) (a with a macron above it) 117 <amac/ long a (stressed) (a with a macron above it)
118 late = l<amac/t 118 late = l<amac/t
119 later = l<amac/t"<etil/r 119 later = l<amac/t"<etil/r
120 comb-shaped = k<omac/m"-sh<amac/pt` 120 comb-shaped = k<omac/m"-sh<amac/pt`
121 commemorate = k<ocr/m*m<ecr/m"<osl/*r<amac/t 121 commemorate = k<ocr/m*m<ecr/m"<osl/*r<amac/t
122 deign = d<amac/n 122 deign = d<amac/n
123 deflate = d<esl/*fl<amac/t" 123 deflate = d<esl/*fl<amac/t"
124 defray = d<esl/*fr<amac/" 124 defray = d<esl/*fr<amac/"
125 defrayal = d<esl/*fr<amac/"<ait/l 125 defrayal = d<esl/*fr<amac/"<ait/l
126 126
127 127
128 <asl/ long a (unstressed) 128 <asl/ long a (unstressed)
129 commodate = k<ocr/m"m<osl/*d<asl/t 129 commodate = k<ocr/m"m<osl/*d<asl/t
130 cometary = k<ocr/m"<ecr/t*<asl/*r<ycr/ 130 cometary = k<ocr/m"<ecr/t*<asl/*r<ycr/
131 131
132 <ait/ italic a 132 <ait/ italic a
133 communicant = k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt 133 communicant = k<ocr/m*m<umac/"n<icr/*k<ait/nt
134 defeasance = d<esl/*f<emac/"z<ait/ns 134 defeasance = d<esl/*f<emac/"z<ait/ns
135 commercial = k<ocr/m*m<etil/r"sh<ait/l 135 commercial = k<ocr/m*m<etil/r"sh<ait/l
136 compass = k<ucr/m"p<ait/s 136 compass = k<ucr/m"p<ait/s
137 137
138 <acr/ short a (a with a crescent [breve] above it) 138 <acr/ short a (a with a crescent [breve] above it)
139 adipose = <acr/d"<icr/*p<omac/s 139 adipose = <acr/d"<icr/*p<omac/s
140