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1 | <-- Begin file 10 of 26: Letter J (Version 0.46) | ||
2 | |||
3 | This file is part 10 of the GNU version of | ||
4 | The Collaborative International Dictionary of English | ||
5 | Also referred to as GCIDE | ||
6 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | ||
7 | |||
8 | GCIDE is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify | ||
9 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | ||
10 | the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) | ||
11 | any later version. | ||
12 | |||
13 | GCIDE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | ||
14 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | ||
15 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | ||
16 | GNU General Public License for more details. | ||
17 | |||
18 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | ||
19 | along with this copy of GCIDE; see the file COPYING. If not, write | ||
20 | to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, | ||
21 | Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | ||
22 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | ||
23 | |||
24 | This dictionary was derived from the | ||
25 | Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | ||
26 | Version published 1913 | ||
27 | by the C. & G. Merriam Co. | ||
28 | Springfield, Mass. | ||
29 | Under the direction of | ||
30 | Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D. | ||
31 | |||
32 | and from | ||
33 | WordNet, a semantic network created by | ||
34 | the Cognitive Science Department | ||
35 | of Princeton University | ||
36 | under the direction of | ||
37 | Prof. George Miller | ||
38 | |||
39 | and is being updated and supplemented by | ||
40 | an open coalition of volunteer collaborators from | ||
41 | around the world. | ||
42 | |||
43 | This electronic dictionary is the starting point for an | ||
44 | ongoing project to develop a modern on-line comprehensive encyclopedic | ||
45 | dictionary, by the efforts of all individuals willing to help build a | ||
46 | large and freely available knowledge base. Contributions of data, | ||
47 | time, and effort are requested from any person willing to assist creation | ||
48 | of a comprehensive and organized knowledge base for free access on the | ||
49 | internet. Anyone willing to assist in any way in constructing such a | ||
50 | knowledge base should contact: | ||
51 | |||
52 | Patrick Cassidy pc@worldsoul.org | ||
53 | 735 Belvidere Ave. Office: (908)668-5252 | ||
54 | Plainfield, NJ 07062 | ||
55 | (908) 561-3416 | ||
56 | |||
57 | Last edit January 17, 2002. | ||
58 | |||
59 | --> | ||
60 | |||
61 | <p><centered><point26>J.</point26></centered><br/ | ||
62 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
63 | |||
64 | <p><hw>J</hw> <pr>(j<amac/)</pr>. <def>J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English <xex>y</xex> in <xex>yet</xex>. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably.</def><br/ | ||
65 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
66 | |||
67 | <p><note>In medical prescriptions <xex>j</xex> is still used in place of <xex>i</xex> at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as, v<xex>j</xex>, xi<xex>j</xex>.</p> | ||
68 | |||
69 | <p>J is etymologically most closely related to <xex>i</xex>, <xex>y</xex>, <xex>g</xex>; as in <xex>j</xex>ot, <xex>i</xex>ota; <xex>j</xex>est, <xex>g</xex>esture; <xex>j</xex>oin, <xex>j</xex>ugular, <xex>y</xex>oke. See <er>I</er>.</p> | ||
70 | |||
71 | <p>J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to <xex>dzh</xex>. It is exactly the same as <xex>g</xex> in <xex>gem</xex>. See <xex>Guide to Pronunciation</xex>, <sect/<sect/ 179, 211, 239.</note><br/ | ||
72 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
73 | |||
74 | <p><hw>Jaal" goat`</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>. <fld>(Zo\'94l.)</fld> <def>A species of wild goat (<spn>Capra Nubiana</spn>) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; -- called also <altname>beden</altname>, and <altname>jaela</altname>.</def><br/ | ||
75 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
76 | |||
77 | <p><hw>Jab</hw> <pr>(j<acr/b)</pr>, <pos>v. t.</pos> <ety>[Cf. <er>Job</er>.]</ety> <def>To thrust; to stab; to punch. See <er>Job</er>, <pos>v. t.</pos></def> <mark>[Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]</mark><br/ | ||
78 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
79 | |||
80 | <p><hw>Jab</hw>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>A thrust or stab.</def> <mark>[Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]</mark><br/ | ||
81 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
82 | |||
83 | <p><hw>Jab"ber</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>v. i.</pos> <vmorph>[<pos>imp. & p. p.</pos> <conjf>Jabbered</conjf> <pr>(?)</pr>; <pos>p. pr. & vb. n.</pos> <conjf>Jabbering</conjf>.]</vmorph> <ety>[Cf. <er>Gibber</er>, <er>Gabble</er>.]</ety> <def>To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter.</def> <rj><au>Swift.</au></rj><br/ | ||
84 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
85 | |||
86 | <p><hw>Jab"ber</hw>, <pos>v. t.</pos> <def>To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; <as>as, to <ex>jabber</ex> French</as>.</def> <rj><au>Addison.</au></rj><br/ | ||
87 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
88 | |||
89 | <p><hw>Jab"ber</hw>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish.</def> <rj><au>Swift.</au></rj><br/ | ||
90 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
91 | |||
92 | <p><hw>Jab"ber*er</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>One who jabbers.</def><br/ | ||
93 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
94 | |||
95 | <p><hw>Jab"ber*ing*ly</hw>, <pos>adv.</pos> <def>In a jabbering manner.</def><br/ | ||
96 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
97 | |||
98 | <p><hw>Jab"ber*ment</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>Jabber.</def> <mark>[R.]</mark> <rj><au>Milton.</au></rj><br/ | ||
99 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
100 | |||
101 | <p><hw>Jab"ber*nowl`</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>Same as <er>Jobbernowl</er>.</def><br/ | ||
102 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
103 | |||
104 | <p><hw>Jab"i*ru</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[Braz. <ets>jabir\'a3</ets>, <ets>jabur\'a3</ets>.]</ety> <fld>(Zo\'94l.)</fld> <def>One of several large wading birds of the genera <gen>Mycteria</gen> and <gen>Xenorhynchus</gen>, allied to the storks in form and habits.</def><br/ | ||
105 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
106 | |||
107 | <p><note><hand/ The American jabiru (<spn>Mycteria Americana</spn>) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (<spn>Xenorhynchus Australis</spn>) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (<spn>Mycteria Senegalensis</spn> <it>or</it> <spn>Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis</spn>) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also <stype>saddle-billed stork</stype>.</note><br/ | ||
108 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
109 | |||
110 | <p><hw>Jab`o*ran"di</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <fld>(Bot.)</fld> <def>The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (<spn>Pilocarpus pennatifolius</spn>). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue.</def><br/ | ||
111 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
112 | |||
113 | <p><hw>Jab"o*rine</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[From <er>Jaborandi</er>.]</ety> <fld>(Chem.)</fld> <def>An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine.</def><br/ | ||
114 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
115 | |||
116 | <p><hw>\'d8Jab"ot</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[F.]</ety> <sn>1.</sn> <def>Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt.</def><br/ | ||
117 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
118 | |||
119 | <p><sn>2.</sn> <def>An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.</def><br/ | ||
120 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
121 | |||
122 | <p><hw>jaboticaba</hw> <pos>n.</pos> <sn>1.</sn> <def>A small evergreen tropical tree (<spn>Myrciaria cauliflora</spn>) native to Brazil and West Indies but introduced into southern U. S.; it is grown in Brazil for its edible tough-skinned purple grapelike fruit that grows all along the branches.</def><br/ | ||
123 | <syn><b>Syn. --</b> jaboticaba tree, <spn>Myrciaria cauliflora</spn>.</syn><br/ | ||
124 | [<source>WordNet 1.5</source>]</p> | ||
125 | |||
126 | <p><sn>2.</sn> <def>The tough-skinned purple grapelike tropical fruit of the jaboticaba tree (<spn>Myrciaria cauliflora</spn>), grown in Brazil.</def><br/ | ||
127 | [<source>WordNet 1.5</source>]</p> | ||
128 | |||
129 | <p><hw>Ja*cal"</hw> <pr>(h<aum/*k<aum/l"; 239)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. <ets>xacalli</ets>.]</ety> <def>In Mexico and the southwestern United States, a kind of plastered house or hut, usually made by planting poles or timber in the ground, filling in between them with screen work or wickerwork, and daubing one or both sides with mud or adobe mortar; also, this method of construction.</def><br/ | ||
130 | [<source>Webster 1913 Suppl.</source>]</p> | ||
131 | |||
132 | <p><hw>Jac"a*mar`</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[F. <ets>jacamar</ets>, Braz. <ets>jacamarica</ets>; cf. Sp. <ets>jacamar</ets>.]</ety> <fld>(Zo\'94l.)</fld> <def>Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus <gen>Galbula</gen> and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant.</def><br/ | ||
133 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
134 | |||
135 | <p><hw>Jac"a*na`</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[Cf. Sp. <ets>jacania</ets>.]</ety> <fld>(Zo\'94l.)</fld> <def>Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus <gen>Jacana</gen> and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also <altname>surgeon bird</altname>.</def><br/ | ||
136 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
137 | |||
138 | <p><note><hand/ The most common South American species is <spn>Jacana spinosa</spn>. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (<spn>Hydrophasianus chirurgus</spn>) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers.</note><br/ | ||
139 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
140 | |||
141 | <p><hw>Jac`a*ran"da</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. <ets>jacaranda</ets>.]</ety> <fld>(Bot.)</fld> <sd>(a)</sd> <def>The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called <prod>king wood</prod>, <prod>tiger wood</prod>, and <prod>violet wood</prod>.</def> <sd>(b)</sd> <def>A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet-shaped flowers.</def><br/ | ||
142 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
143 | |||
144 | <p><hw>Jac"a*re`</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[Pg. <ets>jacar\'82</ets>; of Brazilian origin.]</ety> <fld>(Zo\'94l.)</fld> <def>A cayman. See <er>Yacare</er>.</def><br/ | ||
145 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
146 | |||
147 | <p><hw>Jac"chus</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[NL., fr. L. <ets>Jacchus</ets> a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. <?/.]</ety> <fld>(Zo\'94l.)</fld> <def>The common marmoset (<spn>Hapale vulgaris</spn>). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus.</def><br/ | ||
148 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
149 | |||
150 | <p><hw>Jac"co*net</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <def>See <er>Jaconet</er>.</def><br/ | ||
151 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
152 | |||
153 | <p><hw>Ja"cent</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>a.</pos> <ety>[L. <ets>jacens</ets>, p. pr. of <ets>jacere</ets> to lie: cf. F. <ets>jacent</ets>.]</ety> <def>Lying at length; <as>as, the <ex>jacent</ex> posture</as>.</def> <mark>[R.]</mark> <rj><au>Sir H. Wotton.</au></rj><br/ | ||
154 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
155 | |||
156 | <p><hw>Ja"cinth</hw> <pr>(?)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[F. <ets>jacinthe</ets>, L. <ets>hyacinthus</ets>. See <er>Hyacinth</er>.]</ety> <def>See <er>Hyacinth</er>.</def> <rj><au>Tennyson.</au></rj><br/ | ||
157 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
158 | |||
159 | <p><hw>Jack</hw> <pr>(j<acr/k)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[Pg. <ets>jaca</ets>, Malayalam, <ets>tsjaka</ets>.]</ety> <fld>(Bot.)</fld> <def>A large tree, the <spn>Artocarpus integrifolia</spn>, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow.</def> <altsp>[Written also <asp>jak</asp>.]</altsp><br/ | ||
160 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
161 | |||
162 | <p><hw>Jack</hw> <pr>(j<acr/k)</pr>, <pos>n.</pos> <ety>[F. <ets>Jacques</ets> James, L. <ets>Jacobus</ets>, Gr. <?/, Heb. <ets>Ya 'aq<omac/b</ets> Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. <er>Jacobite</er>, <er>Jockey</er>.]</ety><br/ | ||
163 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
164 | |||
165 | <p><sn>1.</sn> <def>A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, <sig>John</sig>.</def><br/ | ||
166 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
167 | |||
168 | <p><q>You are John Rugby, and you are <qex>Jack</qex> Rugby.</q> <rj><qau>Shak.</qau></rj><br/ | ||
169 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
170 | |||
171 | <p><sn>2.</sn> <def>An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also, a servant; a rustic.</def> \'bd<xex>Jack</xex> fool.\'b8 <rj><au>Chaucer.</au></rj><br/ | ||
172 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
173 | |||
174 | <p><q>Since every <qex>Jack</qex> became a gentleman,<br/ | ||
175 | There 's many a gentle person made a <qex>Jack</qex>.</q> <rj><qau>Shak.</qau></rj><br/ | ||
176 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
177 | |||
178 | <p><sn>3.</sn> <def>A popular colloquial name for a sailor; -- called also <altname>Jack tar</altname>, and <altname>Jack afloat</altname>.</def><br/ | ||
179 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
180 | |||
181 | <p><sn>4.</sn> <def>A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called <xex>Jack</xex></def>; as: <sd>(a)</sd> <def>A device to pull off boots.</def> <sd>(b)</sd> <def>A sawhorse or sawbuck.</def> <sd>(c)</sd> <def>A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke <ex>jack</ex>, or kitchen <ex>jack</ex>.</def> <sd>(b)</sd> <fld>(Mining)</fld> <def>A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting.</def> <sd>(e)</sd> <fld>(Knitting Machine)</fld> <def>A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles.</def> <sd>(f)</sd> <fld>(Warping Machine)</fld> <def>A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box.</def> <sd>(g)</sd> <fld>(Spinning)</fld> <def>A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine.</def> <sd>(h)</sd> <def>A compact, portable machine for planing metal.</def> <sd>(i)</sd> <def>A machine for slicking or pebbling leather.</def> <sd>(k)</sd> <def>A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed.</def> <sd>(l)</sd> <def>A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught.</def> <sd>(m)</sd> <def>In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; -- called also <altname>hopper</altname>.</def> <sd>(n)</sd> <def>In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also, the light itself.</def> <au>C. Hallock.</au><br/ | ||
182 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
183 | |||
184 | <p><sn>5.</sn> <def>A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body such as an automobile through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack.</def><br/ | ||
185 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
186 | |||
187 | <p><sn>6.</sn> <def>The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls.</def> <rj><au>Shak.</au></rj><br/ | ||
188 | [<source>1913 Webster</source>]</p> | ||
189 | |||
190 | <p><q>Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to |